Bring peace to the Middle East! 15: Seeing the Middle East and Arab world in films 8: Refugee issue 1

中東に平和を！　１５：　映画に見る中東とアラブ世界　８：　難民問題　１

＊     １

I consider refugee issue in twice from now on.

We look at various migrations at first.

これから２回に分けて、難民問題を考察します。

はじめに様々な移住について見ます。

History of human migrations  (Note 1)

Our Homo sapiens spread throughout this earth along with migrating for hundred thousands years from the birth.

Most of great transmigration of race was caused by each climate change, it arose on several occasions, and the migration spread like playing billiard.  (Note 2)

In ancient times, an Assyrian and a Greek emigrated far and wide to enlarge their commercial domain.  (Note 3)

In the middle Ages, a German actively colonized Eastern Europe.

By these results, our ancestors had many parents of different ethnic groups all over the world, and these traces remain in our gene.

This is shown in figure 2.

European 60 million people left the mother country and emigrated between the 19th and the 20th century.

In Japan, 3,200,000 people except soldier returned home by this defeat from the emigration area.

About million people emigrated all over the world in 2005.

移住の歴史　注釈１．

新人類は誕生から十数万年かけて移住しながら地球全域に拡散しました。

多くは気候変動によって、幾たびも民族の大移動が起き、玉突きの如く移住は広がりました。注釈２．

古代、アッシリア人やギリシャ人は商圏を広げる為に遠くまで移住しました。注釈３．

中世、ドイツ人は盛んに東欧に植民しました。　　

これらの結果、私達の祖先は世界中で混血し、その痕跡が私達の遺伝子に残っています。

それを図２に示します。

１９世紀から２０世紀にかけて、欧州から６０００万人が母国を離れ移住した。

日本では敗戦によって軍人を除く３２０万人が移住先から帰国した。

２００５年には２億近い人達が世界中で移民を行った。

＜　2.  Human migrations and Japanese race ＞

＜　２．　人類の移動と日本民族　＞

Upper map:  a history of human migrations supposed by genes.

The numerical values indicate how many years ago.

Lower map:  we are able to understand the roots of Japanese people by our genetic variation.

The blue line shows current Japanese people, and others show an African or a European.

During this 150 thousands years, Japanese ancestors had many parents of different ethnic groups all over the world, and came in the Japanese Archipelago on several occasions.

Because Japan of an island is so, people of the world are of more mixed parentage.

上の地図：　遺伝子から推測した人類移動史。

数値は何年前を示す。

下の地図：　遺伝子の変異からわかる日本人のルーツ。

青線が現在の日本人を、他はアフリカ人かヨーロッパ人を示す。

過去１５万年の間に、日本人の祖先は世界各地で他の人種と幾度も枝分かれし、日本列島にやって来た。

島国の日本でこうですから、世界中の人々はもっと混血していることになります。

＜　3.  emigrants reached New York　＞

＜　３．　ニューヨークに着いた移民　＞

＜　4.  how America’s source of immigrants has changed over time between 1850-2013　＞

＜　４．　各州で最大を占めるアメリカ移民の母国、１８５０～２０１３年の間の変遷　＞

その構成は年々変化している。

What the migration brings

Immigrant was indispensable for the development of the United States, and approximately 70 million people entered this country in the past two centuries.

President Kennedy who was a grandchild of immigrant spoke it in this way.

“…. The society of immigrants who began the new life. … The country of people having courage to investigate new frontier. .... This is the secret of the United States’s success.”

Merchants of overseas Chinese, an Arab, an Indian, and a Jew jumped to the world and played an active part.

In ante-Christum, Propagation would have been late if a Jew hadn’t translated the Bible into Greek in Alexandria.  (Note 4)

In the middle ages, the Renaissance might not have blossomed in Europe if there weren't a Christian that escaped in Baghdad, and an Arab in Toledo.  (Note 5)

How would this society and culture of Japan have turned out if immigrants never have come to this island from beyond the sea?

In the 19th century, France having been hurt for labor shortage accepted quickly　immigrants from the neighboring countries, and also did it from Algeria in early the 20th century.

The ratio of foreigners in the total population of France was 1% of 1851 and 6% of 2006.

Europe and America accepted many emigrant laborers positively to make up for the population decline due to the drop of the birth rate, and enabled economic growth.

Each country needed the immigrant who could receive dangerous, dirty, and difficult jobs at a low price.

EU that aimed for an ideal confederation of states wanted to cancel the economic disparity of each country, and person and capital could move freely within the region.

The motives of migrations are to escape from war, famine, or persecution, and for trade or working.

This doesn't disappear from the world in the least.

There would not be the present world if migrations were not possible at all.

This continues next time.

移住がもたらすもの

アメリカの発展に移民は不可欠で、過去２世紀で約７０００万人が入国した。

移民の孫だったケネディ大統領は、こう述べている。

「・・新しい人生を始めた移民の社会。・・新たなフロンティアを探る勇気を持った人たちの国…　それがアメリカの成功の秘密である」

華僑（中国人）やアラブ、インド、ユダヤの商人が世界に飛び出して活躍した。

もし紀元前にユダヤ人がアレクサンドリアで聖書をギリシャ語に翻訳していなければ、布教は遅れたことだろう。注釈４．

もし中世に逃れて来たキリスト教徒がバクダードで、またアラブ人がトレドにいなければヨーロッパでルネサンスは開花しなかったかもしれない。注釈５．

もし、海外からこの列島に移住者（渡来者）が来なければ、日本の社会や文化はどうなっていただろうか。

１９世紀、労働者不足に窮したフランスはいち早く近隣諸国から、また２０世紀初頭にはアルジェリアからの移民を受け入れた。

フランスの総人口における外国人の割合は１８５１年の１％から２００６年の６％になった。

欧米は出生率の低下による人口減少を補う為に、労働移民を積極的に受け入れ、経済成長を可能にした。

各国は汚い、危険、過酷な労働を安く請けてくれる移民を必要とした。

理想の国家連合を目指したEUは人や資本が自由に移動出来ることで、各国の経済格差を解消しようとした。

移住の動機は飢饉や戦争、迫害から逃れる為、また貿易や就労の為などで、これが世界から無くなることはない。

もし移住がまったく出来なかったら、今の世界はなかったでしょう。

次回に続きます。

注釈１：　人々の移動を指す用語には移住、移民、難民、殖民、居留民などがあり、少しずつ意味が異なりますが、最も広い意味を持つ移住を使います。

注釈２：　有名なのはアーリア人やゲルマン人の民族移動などです。

また約６０００年前、オーストロネシア人は東南アジアから太平洋諸島へカヌーによって移住しました。

これは中国南部の人々が北方から押し出される形で起きたと考えられます。

注釈３：　少し時代は下りますが、華僑（中国人）や倭寇（日本人）は主に商業や貿易が目的で移住しました。

注釈４：　当時、貿易都市アレクサンドリアには多くの外国商人がおり、ギリシャ語が普及していました。

ヨーロッパへの布教にはギリシャ語聖書が必要だったのです。

注釈５：　ルネサンスが始まったのは古代ギリシャの文献が、中東アラブからスペインやイタリアを通じてヨーロッパに紹介されたのが切っ掛けでした。

古代ギリシャの文献はイラクのバクダードでギリシャ語からアラビア語に訳され保存されていた。

スペインのトレドではアラビア語からラテン語に翻訳されました。

Birth of primitive art : A table of contents and abstract

I show the list of a series " Birth of primitive art “.

please look at  page of “ Birth of primitive art “.

連載「原初美術の誕生１～１７話」を一覧にしています。

どうぞ「原初美術の誕生」ページを見て下さい。

 

 　

　　　

　

　　

　　

Birth of primitive art 7: After glacial epoch fine arts

 

＜ a rock art in the Levant, a mother and a child、Ｍinateda, Spain、＞

Eventually, the glacial epoch fine arts that emitted luster had declined.

This decline caused stagnation and new deployment.

We look at this big change easily.

＜　Azilian culture, painted stones and bone tools ＞

At 10000 years ago, the colorful cave paintings and movable fine arts that felt vital force no longer were made.

On the other hand, new movements happened at some places a little distant from France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and northern Spain.

One is the painted stone at 11000 years ago. Figures like characters were drawn with several red lines on the stones.

Although bone tools are also found simultaneously, the ornamented things are not found at all.

Azilian that made these on the south of the Pyrenees (Spain) disappeared within 1000 years.

＜　rock arts in the Levant　＞

                   

From 11000 years ago to 5000 years ago, many rock arts appeared in the Spain southeast part.

These are the small paintings of animal and person that are drawn on lee of rock in ravines only by red.

Although animals is drawn realistically, persons are deformed and formalized, and are also humorous.

The themes are hunting, war, a dance, Sherman, etc.  It has composition that has motion with many persons and animals.

The drawn animals are game animals and domesticated dogs, then insects such as spider and fly, etc.

The figure subjects are more male than the woman. The male take a bow and put on bracelet, a hat, etc. The woman put on a skirt and ribbon.

 

＜　Arctic art、Rock Drawings of Alta　＞

A little late, from 6000 to 2000 years ago, many petroglyphs appeared on rocks near the Northern European (especially Norway) sea and rivers.

Many of petroglyphs are carved with a line or flat surface, and they are applied with red. A large thing is a whale 8 m in length.

Many of the themes are game hunting and fishing scenes and the everyday sight are drawn in the style of a tale on it.

The drawn things are reindeer, deer, seal, whale, salmon and sled, boat.

What of the fine arts changed?

Simplify

The cave painting was lost and turned into rock-art

Human and life scene were thought as important.

＜　air temperature change during the past 160,000 years　＞

What brought about this change?

The glacial epoch finished. :  Air temperature rose abruptly from 15000-year ago, and 10,000 years ago, it became the same as the present. By this, the glacier and the reindeer went away to the north and Europe became a forest and the world of small animals from the ground of snow and ice.

Their life changed suddenly :  They repeated movement in quest of the small animals which do not make a group. It dispersed the previous big group. Preservation of meat became impossibility.  When they took all games, they moved to next place. This was the same as the hunter-gatherers of the forest before civilization.

The agricultural had diffused from the Balkan Peninsula, and spread throughout Europe at the time 5000 years ago.

At last, the brightness of fine arts in Europe had been lost until the Bronze Age comes.

Culture and art were greatly influenced by change of natural environment and a social aggregation.

Ｎext time, we look at prehistory fine arts other than Europe.

Birth of primitive art 2: Opening of glacial epoch fine arts

＜　A female head, France, 25000 years before, ivory, 4 cm height　＞

Movable property fine arts appeared suddenly in frigid Europe.

We see about the typical Venus statue.

極寒のヨーロッパに突如として動産美術が作られ始めた。

代表的なビーナス像について見る。

＜　A valley of the Chauvet Cave　＞

＜　The ruins map of glacial epoch Europe,　10,000 ～40,000 years ago　＞

Many of the cave paintings were painted inside of the limestone cave that sunlight doesn’t reach.

Many of the caves were in the ravine.

They were near by the way that the reindeer carries out seasonal migration.

Many animals drank water at the nearby place.

People hunted these animals, fished or collected, and lived on the entrance of a cave and a rock shadow.

From 3 million years ago, the glacial epoch began and it was most cool from 120000 years ago to 40000 years ago.

Northern Europe and the Alps were covered with the glacier at this time.

Since a sea surface lowered, there was no sea between England and Scandinavian Peninsula.

The areas other than the prairie zone in the Mediterranean and the glacier were covered with ice and snow (step, tundra), and the mammoth was walking there in winter.

洞窟絵画の多くはカルスト地形の鍾乳洞内で、光りが届かない奥深くに描かれた。

その多くは河谷沿いの山肌の横穴で、季節移動するトナカイの通り道や動物の水飲み場に近かった。

人々はそれら動物の狩猟と漁労採集を行い、洞窟の入り口や岩陰で暮らしていた。

３００万年前から氷河期が進行し、４万年前から１万２千年前にかけて最も寒冷化した。

この時、ヨーロッパ北部とアルプスは氷河に覆われており、海面が下がりイングランドやスカンジナビア半島の間には海はなかった。

地中海側の草原地帯と氷河以外の地域は氷雪（ステップとツンドラ）に覆われ、冬にはマンモスが闊歩していた。

 ＜　Venus statue　＞

Fig.1: Czechoslovakia, 29000 years ago, a calcination clay, 11 cm height

Fig.2: Germany, 25000 years ago, a limestone, 11 cm height  

Fig.3: Germany, 15000 years ago, a horn, 6～10 cm height  

First, Movable property fine arts appeared first and a group of the Venus statue of them is impressive.

The statues of about 60 were excavated in the large area from France in the west to eastern Russia in the east.

The oldest thing is the female statue group made from ivory about 35000 years ago.

It has the common feature with a big breast and abdomen, and its height is from 6 to 15 cm.

Fig. 1, the Venus statue has a special meaning. From these ruins, many calcination clay images some animal and ball is also found.

A remarkable point is that they are the products made from clay calcinated at low temperature, therefore it hints at the forerunner of making earthenware.

This probably shows that the life changed from continuation of movement to seasonal stay.

Fig. 2, the Venus statue emphasizes a buttock, an abdomen, and a breast with a typical spindle type, and although the face is omitted, it displays the private parts.

This is associated with a hand ax of stone tool and the symmetrical design is beauty.

They emphasized the generative functions. This reason probably was that they associated the childbirth with the fertility.

This became a forerunner of many symbols on the world.

The female head image made from ivory was found in a cave about 25000 years ago (the first Fig.).

Although the mouth is omitted, its eyes and the nose are clarity, and it is covered with the hair or a hood.

図１：　チェコ、29000年前、焼成粘土、高さ１１ｃｍ。

図２：　ドイツ、25000年前、石灰岩、高さ１１ｃｍ。

図３：　ドイツ、15000年前、角、高さ６～１０ｃｍ。

最初に現れたのは動産美術で、印象深いのはビーナス像の一群です。

西はフランスから東はロシア東部に至る広い地域で約６０点出土している。

最古層は３５０００年前頃に作られた象牙製の女性像群で、高さは６～１５ｃｍで、大きな乳房と腹部を持つ共通の特徴がある。

図１、ビーナス像には特別の意味があり、この遺跡からは多くの動物像や焼成粘土の球も見つかっている。

注目点はビーナス像が低温で焼成された粘土製であり、土器作りの先駆けを匂わす。

これはそれまでの移動中心から長期の季間滞在に移行した可能性を示している。

図２、ビーナス像は、典型的な紡錘型で臀部、腹部、乳房を強調し、顔は省略されているが陰部を表示する特徴がある。

これはハンドアックス（握斧）を連想させ、左右対称の美が感じられる。

これら生殖機能を強調したのは、出産から連想される豊穣祈願と考えられ、後に出現する地球上の多くのシンボルの先駆けとなった。

２５０００年前の洞窟から象牙製の女性頭部像が見つかった（最初の図）。

口は省略されているが目鼻が克明で、頭には頭髪か頭巾で覆われている。

＜　Relief of Venus, France,25000 years ago, a limestone wall, 44 cm height　＞

The same time as this, the relief of Venus was discovered in a rock shadow of the valley near famous Lascaux Cave.

It had a horn of a bison in one hand.

The red ground (Ocher) is applied to that surface.

There are 13 ruled lines in the horn, and I think that it is a calendar or some days.

Fig. 3, a female statue made from the reindeer horn at 15000 years ago in northeast Germany.

This statue became last female image and they weren’t made again.

This emphasizes a buttock and is a simple design with the cylindrical upper half of the body.

I seems that this was the pendant or putting in the bag.

In this way the female statues of origin fine arts came into the world。

Through the time of 20,000 years, it became simple carrying arts from the precious thing that emphasizes fertility.

Probably, they had the value as accessories or fetish.

これと同じ時期、ラスコー洞窟近くの河谷の岩陰にビーナス（上記図）が彫られ、バイソンの角を片手に持っている。

表面には赤い土（オーカー）が塗られて、この角には１３本の刻線があり、何か暦か日数を示している。

そして最後を飾るのが、東北ドイツで見つかった１５０００年前のトナカイ角製の図３、女性像です。

これは臀部を強調し上半身が棒状のシンプルなデザインで、ペンダントか袋に入れて用いられたようだ。

このようにして原初美術の女性像は花開き、やがて２万年の時を経て、豊穣を強調する貴重なものから簡易な携行品となった。

それらは装飾品か呪物としての価値を持っていたのだろう

Birth of primitive art 1: What does it mean?

＜　Venus statue,  About 25000 years before ＞

It was explained by "the origin of mind" how the humankind’s mind was born from space birth to the present age.

Two epoch-making in the evolution of humankind’s mind are the erect posture and family birth。

It is explained by description from 12 to 14 in the series.

A primitive art of the glacial epoch that continues after that is important similarly.

Subsequent to it, the farming revolution, city revolution, and mental revolution are generated.

This series explains the primitive art that humankind first started at about 30,000 years ago in Europe.

「心の起源」によって、人類の心が宇宙誕生から現代までどのようにして生まれて来たかが説明されました。

人類の心の進化における二つの画期は直立姿勢と家族誕生です。それは連載の１２～１４話で説明されています。

その後に続く氷河期の原始美術も重要です。

この後に農耕革命、都市革命、精神革命が続きました。

今回の連載は、ヨーロッパで起きた約3万年前頃に始まる人類最初の原始美術を追います。

＜　Chauvet Cave painting,　 About 32000 years ago　＞

Why is this primitive art important?　These features are enumerated.

１．        This design was the first thing on the earth.

２．        These art activities started suddenly. And 15,000 years continue and there is much the quantity.

３．        There are development progress and local culture in the pictures and statue.

４．        We can feel the symbolism, the narrative, and the realism in the art objects.

５．        The humankind (Cro-Magnon man) that already was born made them.

６．        It was performed in Europe of the arctic cold of a glacial epoch.

なぜこの原始美術が重要なのか？　この特徴を列挙します。

１．        このデザインは地球上最初のものであった。

２．        突如として芸術活動が始まり、１万5000年間も続き、その量は多い。

３．        その絵画や彫像には発展経過と地域的な文化性がある。

４．        その造形物から象徴性、物語性、写実性を感じることが出来る。

５．        既に誕生していた現世人類（クロマニヨン）がその担い手であった。

６．        それは氷河期の極寒のヨーロッパで行われた。

＜　a bison looks over one's shoulder,  About 15000 years ago　　＞

In this period, there were very important on the history of humankind's mind.

1.  Unlike a tool and dwelling till now, the art objects did not satisfied his physiological demand. 

2.  It shows that new intelligence (art, religion, natural history, technical intelligence and those integrated capability) was born.

3.  It did not happen in other areas. And it happened just during the glacial epoch.

The social behavior of the altruistic behavior and the family love that were obtained by evolution differed from the new intelligence greatly.

この時代は人類の精神史上、非常に重要であった。

１．        それまでの道具や住居とは異なり、何ら生理欲を満足させない物が作られた。

２．        それは新しい知能（芸術、宗教、博物学、技術的知能とそれらの統合能力）が誕生したことを示している。

３．        他の地域では起こらず、また氷河期だけに呼応することとなった。

進化で得た利他行動などの社会行動や家族愛の獲得と新しい知能とは大きく異なるものだった。

＜　Addaura Cave painting, About 10000 years ago　＞

The art objects show that the intelligence became highly efficient much more.

On the other hand, considering that a period for the mutation was very short and the place was restricted, we can think the society would make the intelligence.

These art activities were the beginning of the history of mind by the first society and culture.

If we understand it well, we can very know that humankind's mind was influenced by the society.

Furthermore, we can understand what is the important element of the society

Continued to the next.

美術品から、その知能が一段と高機能になったことがわかります。

その一方、変化するには短期間であり、時期と場所が限られることからして、社会や文化がその知能を開花させた可能性が高い。

この芸術活動は最初の社会や文化による精神史の始まりと言える。

私達がこれをよく理解すれば、人類の心が社会によって影響されている様子が良くわかります。

さらにその社会の重要な要素が何かも理解出来るはずです。

次回からはこの様子を見ていきます。