History of sickness and medical art 7 : in preliterate society 4

＜ A Mask dancing of Dogon( agricultural tribes) in the Middle West Africa　　＞

An etiology: Recognition of the world

Although native’s recognition about the sickness and the medical art is unscientific and superstitious, the base of it is a thinking that gives on to modern society.

First, they have caught logically the principle of cause and effect about the sickness in their own way.

For example, they thought that a swelling of hand and foot originated in an abnormality of the internal organs, or when a sickness prevailed in a village, it was carried with insect or the wind, or an epilepsy began from temporary cutting of a brain.

Although they did not need explanation beyond it, and could not make the exact medical treatment, they always have tried a certain understanding and explanation for it.

They think that most of mental diseases depend on the supernatural causes (evil spirit).

In order for people to advocate a general etiology with physical element (body fluid and blood, etc.), we had to wait for the city civilization birth.

Medicinal herb use and magic of medical treatment was still the main thing.

＜　Her diseased part is purifying with leaves in Mexico.　＞

病因論：世界の認識

先住民の病と医術に関する認識は、非科学的で迷信が目につきますが、現代に通じる思考が見られます。

先ず、彼らは病の因果論を彼らなりに論理的に捉えています。

例えば、彼らは手足のむくみが内臓の異常に起因し、村に病気が流行ると虫や風が媒介し、てんかんは脳の一時的な切断と見なしています。

彼らはそれ以上の説明を必要としませんし、的確な治療も出来ていないと言えますが、必ず何らかの理解と説明を試みます。

精神病の多くは、超自然的な原因（悪霊）と考えられている。

人々が物資的な要素（体液、血など）によって汎用的な病因論を唱えるには、都市文明誕生を待たなければなりません。

それでも治療はまだ薬草利用や呪術が主でした。

Medical treatment and magic:  Animism

To think that the magic and the evil spirits are causes of the disease are that they are thinking with separating the soul from the body, and moreover assume that the natural world have human nature.

Possibly you might have thought, "While clouds come out and it is raining, the sun is escaping to want not to get wet to rain."

Bushman living in Kalahari Desert may cure a poor bag of hunting.

First, the root of certain plant and the hoof of certain game animal are burned, and it becomes powder.

Subsequently, the droppings of the animal are mixed with it and it becomes a mash.

Several body surfaces of a hunter are injured with a razor, and the powder is rubbed in.

I guess that this is a courtesy to control misfortune by the indirect contact to the object, and the dirty things (impurity).

Thus, all medical treatment and the courtesy will develop from abundant experiences and the analogy.

＜　Bushman　＞

治療と呪術　：　アニミズム

呪術や悪霊が病因になると考えることは、身体から精神（魂）を分離し、さらに自然界に人間性（魂）を仮託することです。

自然現象を人間のように説明することは我々幼児期の自然な姿です。

「雲が出て雨が降っているとき、お日様は雨に濡れたくないから逃げているのよ」と幼児の頃にあなたは思ったかも知れない。

カラハリ砂漠に住むブッシュマンは弓矢不猟を治療することがある。

最初に、ある植物の根とある狩猟動物の蹄を焼き、粉にする。

次いでその動物の糞をそれに混ぜてすり潰す。

狩人の体表面数カ所を剃刀で傷つけ、その粉を擦り込む。

これは汚いもの（不浄）と対象への間接的な接触によって災いを制する儀礼と推測出来る。

このようにして豊富な経験と類推からあらゆる治療と儀礼が発展していくのだろう。

＜　a dancing to cure　＞

Magic, science, and religion

The anatomy of the animal might deepen understanding to the physiology and the sickness.

Therefore pastoral people would be able to escape easily from a conception of magic more than agricultural people.

This may be one reason that pastoral people have little mask culture (where the magic is thought as important in).

I think that this had made a difference of scientific development, along with the growth of the city civilization.

Moreover, by ethnic group, the ultimate responsibility contracting a disease included a difference in whether it was caused by self or outside.

These might have given a big influence on religion that was born in ancient civilization.

呪術と科学と宗教

動物の解剖は生理や病気への理解を深め、牧畜民は農耕民より呪術的な発想から脱しやすかったのだろう。

これが牧畜民に仮面文化（呪術を重視する）が少ないことの一つの理由かもしれない。

このことが都市文明の発展と相俟って科学発展への差異を生じたのかもしれない。

また民族によって、病気の最終責任は自己か外部に帰すかの差異もあった。

これらのことが古代文明に誕生する宗教に大きな影響を与えた可能性がある。

History of sickness and medical art 4: in preliterate society 2

 

＜　sweat lodge, a steam room of North American First Nations　＞

We look at how shaman treats some medical arts.

Medical art of the easy illness

As for an injury or a stomachache, people do not request shaman.

In the case of a stomachache, Tasmania indigenous people bite and drink some asteracea plant.

In the case of constipation, Pygmy people in Africa give liquid medicine into his body through a hollow stem of vine for an enema.

Each indigenous people use many medicinal herbs.

If injured, a surgical operation will also be performed, and a medicinal herb with a hemostatic effect is used.

American Indians give man the melted fat, when he is deficient in meat, before becoming atrocious or man-eating fantasy

A steam room is used for medical treatment in northern Eurasia and the North American Continent.

シャーマン（呪医）が治療にどのように関わるのかを見ます。

簡単な病の治療

人々は怪我や腹痛などではシャーマンに依頼しない。

タスマニア先住民は、腹痛の場合、下剤になるキク科植物を咬んで飲む。

ピグミーは、便秘の場合、茎が空洞の蔓で水薬を浣腸した。

それぞれの先住民は多くの薬用植物を利用している。

怪我をすれば外科手術も行い、止血効果のある薬草が使われる。

北米インディアンは、肉が欠乏し、人食い幻想や凶暴になる前に、溶けた脂肪を飲ませる。

ユーラシア北部と北米大陸では、治療に蒸し風呂が利用される。

＜　in Malaysia, a shaman is treating a medical art ＞

Treatment to depend on shaman

Diagnosis

An illness wasn't cured by easy method, and his physical strength declined gradually and he became thin.

In this instance, the people considered the evil spirit and magic to be the cause of it.

Shaman gives a patient the diagnosis and the treatment.

Diagnosis is to find a supernatural cause of a disease.

Was a soul of the patient pulled out?　Someone who bore him a grudge shot a kiss of death to his body?

He clarifies the taboo and the crime that the patient perpetrated, and the spirit that brings an evil.

He identifies the cause by hearing an oracle in a possessed state, by interview, or by a fortune telling.

シャーマンに依頼する治療

診断

簡単な方法で治らず、次第に体力が衰え、痩せ細る病は、悪霊や呪術が原因と考えられた。

治療するシャーマンは患者に診断と処置を行う。

診断は、超自然的な病因を見つけることです。

患者の魂が抜き取られたのか？　恨みを抱く者が呪って災いの種を身体に射込んだのか？

彼は患者の犯したタブーや罪、悪さをしている精霊を明らかにする。

問診や占い、または憑依状態で神託を聞き原因を特定する。

 

＜　in Borneo island, people dance throughout the night, and a shaman removes a soul from her head or puts in it.　＞

Disposal

The disposal is whether a soul is returned or an evil spirit is driven out or a risked place is removed.

Many methods are performed with a ceremony, mystic words, and the fetish.

Occasionally, people will continue to dance and to cry several days, and send away evil spirit or calm down an angry spirit.

Holding up a rat near patient’s head of headache, the shaman of Andes moves evil thing from the head to the rat, kills it, and finds out evil part by fortune telling of internal organs of the rat.

The act of shaman that takes out diseased internal organs only with fingers from outside of patient’s body is widely seen, too.

For the cause of disease, they may suck out directly and may use a phlebotomy, a smoking process, and a steam room.

A lot of medicinal herbs are employed with mystic words, giving the droppings of an animal for driving out an evil spirit is also seen all over the world.

処置

処置は、魂を元に戻すか、悪霊を追い出すか、あるいは冒された所を取り除くかになる。

多くは儀式や呪文、呪物を伴い行われる。

時には数日間も踊り、叫び続け、悪霊を追い払うか、怒れる神をなだめる。

アンデスの呪医は頭痛の患者に、頭にかざした鼠に禍を移し、それを殺し鼠の内臓占いでさらに悪い患部を見いだす。

体外から指だけで悪い内臓患部を取り出す、奇術のような行為も広く見られる。

病因に対して、直接的に吸い出し、瀉血、燻煙法、蒸し風呂を使うこともある。

薬草も多く使われるが呪文を伴う、場合によっては動物の糞を飲ませて悪魔を追い払うことも世界中に見られる。

＜　a shaman sells several medical herb in Peru　＞

Shaman has full knowledge of cultivation, extraction, process, and effect of medicinal herb, and properly uses it to alleviation of fever, painkilling, urination, purgative, etc. 

Especially, when a ceremony was held, the hallucinogen was necessary for not only shaman but also families other than the patient.

Next time, I look at the life of pastoral tribe of Kenya.

呪医は薬草の栽培、採取、製法、効能を熟知しており、解熱、鎮痛、利尿、下剤などを使い分けている。

特に幻覚剤は儀式を行う際、患者以外の呪医や家族にも必要だった。

次回は、ケニアの牧畜民の生活に密着します。

History of sickness and medical art 4: in preliterate society

＜　a shaman of Orochon in Northeast Asia　＞

We watch sickness and medicine of the preliterate society several times from now on.

From their simple life, the consciousness of the sickness which not to be affected by the civilization is seen.

This is helpful for understanding the medicine of ancient civilization.

The indigenous people of a remote place had been living like refusing civilization.

Many of them escaped the conqueror, or wanted the new world, and stayed at the remote place.

They did not necessarily preserve the primordial society that traced back to 10,000 years before.

これから数回、無文字社会の病と医術を見ます。

彼らの素朴な暮らしから、文明の影響を受けない病に対する素朴な意識が見られます。

これは古代文明の医術を理解するのに役に立ちます。

僻地の先住民は文明を拒絶するように暮らして来ました。

彼らの多くは征服者から逃れ、または新天地を求めて、その地に閉じ籠もった。

彼らは必ずしも1万年を遡る原初の社会を保存しているわけではありません。

＜　Nomad of the south Sudan   　＞

The sickness

How are the indigenous people in the world looking at the sickness?

Many people distinguished the ordinary sickness (cold, fatigue) and the sickness which an evil spirit caused, and requested a medicine man in the latter case.

They thought that spirits and devils, magic and black art caused the sickness.

When anybody was cursed, the people believed that it caused the sickness and death, even if it was a great distance, or when a foreign matter (animal) invaded the body too.

There are good and evil spirits, and if they offend a spirit, it will become an evil spirit.

The dead became the spirit and loitered around, and people feared to be possessed by an evil spirit.

病

世界中の先住民は病をどのように見ているのだろうか？

多くは、普通の病（風邪、疲労）と霊等が引き起こす病を区別し、後者を呪医に依頼する。

病は、霊や悪魔、魔術や呪術により起こると考えられていた。

呪いがかけられると、遠く離れていても病や死に至り、または異物（動物）が体内に侵入しも起こると人々は信じた。

霊には善悪があり、喜ばすと善霊に、怒らせると悪霊になる。

死者が霊になってうろつき、人々は霊に取り憑かれたりすることを恐れた。

＜　American Indian   　＞

The correspondence to a sick person changed by various ethnic groups.

In the American Indian, he was treated kindly.

Furthermore one who recovered serious sickness was revered as the owner of unusual power.

By an ethnic group, a disability person was murdered, and when the starvation visited their area, a suicide and a desertion were performed.

The madman (mental patient) was thought that an evil spirit clungs to person, and he was kept away, and was maltreated or was murdered.

The psychotic behavior was considered to have shaman's qualification in Eskimos etc.

病人や不具者への対応は民族によって異なった。

北米インディアンでは親切に扱われ、重い病気から回復した者は尋常ならぬ力の持ち主と畏敬された。

ある民族では障害者は殺され、飢餓に瀕した場合は自殺や置き去りがおこなわれた。

狂人（精神病）は悪霊が取り付いたと見られ、遠ざけられ虐待、あるいは殺された。

エスキモーなどでは、精神病的な行動はシャーマンの資格があると見なされた。

＜　a mask of medicine man in Congo, this mask have a purpose of threatening an evil spirit.  ＞

Medicine man

Medicine man is shaman.

His main role prevented a disaster such as bad crops by a prayer and was to decide a schedule of the village by divination.

It is said that he had the ability that can communicate with spirits.

He be respected in a village, but may be murdered if he fail.

If a tribe is big, the specialty in charge was divided among the accident, and the sickness etc.

One using medicinal herb take part ordinary sickness, and he pray still at using medicinal herb.

Continue to the next time.

呪　医　　　　

呪医は呪術師（シャーマン）である。

彼の主な役割は、祈祷により凶作などの災厄を防ぎ、占いにより村の予定を決めることであった。

彼らは霊と交信可能な能力を持っているとされた。

彼らは部落内で尊敬を受けることになるが、失敗すれば殺されることもある。

大きい部族であれば、災厄や病いに専門が別れ、普通の病には薬草家があたり、それでも投薬時に供儀祈祷が行われた。

次回は治療方法を見ていきます。

Birth of primitive art : A table of contents and abstract

I show the list of a series " Birth of primitive art “.

please look at  page of “ Birth of primitive art “.

連載「原初美術の誕生１～１７話」を一覧にしています。

どうぞ「原初美術の誕生」ページを見て下さい。

 

 　

　　　

　

　　

　　

Birth of primitive art 15 : What did precede the primitive art ? part１

 

＜　Blombos Cave in South Africa. A cave entrance is right-hand mountain side.  modern human beings lived 100,000 years ago.　＞

Till last time, we looked at the primitive fine arts since 35000 years ago in the world.

Didn't human beings make fine arts during 5 million?

This time, I will approach this mystery.

前回まで、３５０００年前以降の世界の原初美術を見て来ました。

それ以前の５００万年の間、人類は美術を作らなかったのでしょうか。

今回は、この謎に迫ります。

＜　The oldest figure　＞

Fig. A, the figure was found in Israel, was made of a red stone between 700000 and 230000 years ago, and was 4 cm in height.

Fig. B, the figure was found in Morocco, was made of a quartz between 500000 and 300000 years ago, and was 6 cm in height.　

Red ocher had adhered to the surface.

Both are considered that primitive man made.

Ages ago, primitive man on the way of evolution was performing fine arts creation.

Aはイスラエルで見つかった２３～７０万年前の高さ４ｃｍの赤い岩製人物像です。

Bはモロッコで見つかった３０～５０万年前の高さ６ｃｍの石英製人物像です。その表面に赤いオーカーが付着していた。

両方共、原人が作ったと考えられる。

遙か昔、現世人類への進化途上の原人が美術創作を行っていたのです。

＜　The oldest painting in Africa　＞

This painting found at the Apollo 11 cave in Namibia is estimated to date from approximately 25,000–27,000 years ago. It is an animal figure drawn on the slate.

At the south end of Africa, the creation was performed nearly in parallel to the Europe glacial epoch fine arts.

これはナミビアのアポロ１１洞窟で見つかった約２５０００～２７０００年前の動物図です。

アフリカ南端で、ヨーロッパ氷河期美術とほぼ並行して創作が行われていたのです。

＜　something like fine arts　　＞

Fig. A are the oldest bead made of many shells between 140000 and 100000 years ago, and were found in the cave in Israel.

Fig. B is an ocher found at Blombos Cave in South Africa. On its surface was the straight line pattern engraved, and it was made 75000 years ago.

In the cave where modern human beings were living, 8000 pieces and 12 sharpened crayons of ocher were found.

There were also brown and yellow colors of ocher, but the red was the most.

Ocher with the oldest used marks was found in Zambia in Africa, and was thing of 250,000 years ago.

Fig. C is a plate was found at Neanderthal ruins in Hungary, it was made of ivory at 250000 years ago. Red ocher had adhered to the surface.

It is considered that people was using at the ceremony over a long period of time.

What does the appearance of the bead, the plate, and the ocher mean?

This is concerned with "what is fine art?" deeply

The answer will be concerned with the relation of red color of ocher and human beings.

Aはイスラエルの洞窟（Skhūl）,で見つかった１０～１４万年前の最古の貝殻製ビーズです。

Bは南アフリカのブロンボスで見つかった７５０００年以上前の直線模様が刻まれたオーカー（黄土）の一つです。この現世人類が生活していた洞窟からは８千点のオーカーと先端を尖らせたクレヨンが１２本見つかった。オーカーの色は黄色と茶色もあったが、赤が最も多かった。

最も古い使用痕のあるオーカーはアフリカのザンビアで見つかり、２５万年前のものです。

Cはハンガリーのネアンデルタール人遺跡（タタ）で見つかった象牙製プレートで、赤いオーカーが塗られていた。これは入念に作られ、長期間繰り返し儀式などに使われたと推測される。

このビーズやプレート、オーカーの出現は何を意味するのでしょうか？

これは「美術とは何か」と深く関わっています。

オーカーの赤色と人類の関わりにその答えがありそうです。

＜　Burial and red color　＞

Fig.A is two small children's burial at 27000 years ago in Austria. Many red ochers was scattered there.   

In burial of Cro-Magnon after 37000 years ago, accessories attached to the dead and ocher was scattered on it.

Although Neanderthal was burying after 70,000 years ago, the dead that was painted with red pigments is seen in various area of Europe.

Ocher was used also with many pictures in every area of the earth.

Fig.B is the inner room of an ancient tomb in Japan at 5th century,　and it is also painted in red.

This red was made from mercury and sulfur.

Since time began, the red color had an important meaning in every corner of the earth.

Next time, I want to explain this meaning.

Aはオーストリアで見つかった２７０００年前の幼児２体の埋葬で、赤いオーカーが撒かれている。３７０００年前以降のクロマニヨン人の埋葬では、死者はオーカーが撒かれていることがある。ネアンデルタール人は７万年前以降、埋葬を行っていたが、赤色顔料を塗った遺体がヨーロッパ各地で見られる。世界各地の絵画にもオーカーは使用されていた。

Ｂは5世紀、日本の亀山古墳の墓室も赤く塗られていた。この赤は水銀と硫黄から作られた。

遙か昔から世界各地で赤色は重要な意味を持っていた。

次回、この意味を説き明かしたいと思います。

Birth of primitive art 1４ ： People who made first fine arts ３

＜　Rock-Art、Four hunters and a leader、south-eastern Spain、8000 years ago　＞

This time, the change that occurred in Cro-Magnons heart is evident from the burial and the fine arts.

I examine the thing that the change brought, and also the cause.

Last time, although we looked at the influence of their settlement, it is more important that rich contacts increased into the family or the group.

Influence good for child rearing must have come out first.

When they gathered together, they probably enjoyed a long talk like present-day hunter-gatherers.

This probably grew their intelligence, language, and their culture.

Probably, this is one of the reasons in which Neanderthal who used fire and had language functions (cerebral language field and throat structure) lost battles with Cro-Magnon.

　

今回は、クロマニヨン人の心に起きた変化を埋葬と美術から読み取ります。

その変化がもたらしたもの、さらに原因について考察します。

前回、定住の影響を見ましたが、さらに重要なのは、家族や集団に濃密な時間が増えたことです。先ず育児に良い影響が出たはずです。また現代の狩猟採集民のように、集えば長話を楽しんだことだろう。これは知能と言語を発達させ、文化発展を促しただろう。火を扱い言語機能（脳の言語野と喉構造）を有したネアンデルタール人が、クロマニヨン人との生存競争に負けた理由の一つがここにあるのだろう。

＜　reconstruction of a burial, a ruins in Russia, 28000～20000 years ago, by Don's Maps　＞

What happened to Cro-Magnons family?

A 13-year-old boy lies on the left of the figure, and an 8-year-old girl lies on the right.

They dressed with protections against the cold from head to tip of foot entirely.

Splendid spears made of ivory and the necklace of beads, etc. were added in large quantities.

This burial clarifies the difference between Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon.

Although Neanderthal also buried one person, they didn't bury small child or more than one person.

Cro-Magnon performed a burial of mother and child for the first time in the cave in Israel at 90,000 years ago.

After that, the burial examples such as two small children and three adults increased in Eurasia from 40,000 years ago.

They began to be strongly conscious of the bonds of mother and child, a family, and a group.

Probably, respecting for maternity added on prayer of fertility, and it led to Venus statue and next mother goddess worship.

クロマニヨン人の家族に何が起きたのか。

図の右に８歳の少女と左に13歳の少年が横たわっている。彼らは頭から足先まで防寒具を着せられ、象牙製の立派な槍やビーズのネックレスなどが大量に副葬されていた。

この埋葬にネアンデルタール人とクロマニヨン人と違いが明瞭に出ている。

ネアンデルタール人も埋葬を行っていたが幼児や複数葬はほとんどなかった。クロマニヨン人は9万年前のイスラエルのカフゼー洞窟で母子二体の埋葬を初めて行い、その後、幼児二体、成人三体などの組合せ例がユーラシアで４万年前以降増加する。彼らは母子や家族、集団の絆を強く意識し始めた。母性への敬いが豊穣への祈りに加わり、ビーナス像、後の地母神崇拝へと繋がったのだろう。

Originally, because hunter-gatherers have several problems in life with a lot of people, they dispersed easily. Similarly, they are hesitant to settle down.

Something that controls this minus feeling and advances must have happened in their heart.

Although advanced technology and intelligence were indispensable to adaptation to arctic cold, unless the bonds of family or group arose strongly, the epoch would not have happen.

But, gradually woman and magician are expressed carefully, and group behavior such as the hunting that was shown a prefatory picture came to be drawn in the last stage.

Furthermore, mother and child and the women who danced were also drawn.

On the other hand, drawing carefully game animals decreased.

元来、狩猟採集民は、大勢での生活は問題が多く離散しやすく、定住も同様に抵抗がある。この感情を抑制し前進させる何かが彼らの心に起こったはずである。極寒への適応には高度な技術と知能が不可欠だが、家族や集団を結びつける感情が強く沸き上がらないと画期は起こらなかった。

ヨーロッパの氷河期美術を概観すると、最初、人間、特に男は稚拙（丸に点）に描かれていた。しかし徐々に女性と魔術師が丁寧に表現され、末期には巻頭図のような狩りなどの集団行動が描かれるようになった。さらに母子や踊る女性達も描かれた。一方で狩猟動物を丁寧に描くことは減っていった。

＜　Brain of modern humans, a red mark is group of neurons A10（VTA）、by CMAJ　＞

What happened to Cro-Magnons brain?

Neurotransmitter dopamine is widely secreted from A10 for a long time in large quantities, especially to the frontal lobe.

Although neurotransmitters are tens of kinds, a dopamine is called a pleasure substance, and have a role to maintain a feeling of happiness and romantic feeling strongly.

A10 is like the big faucet that only human beings have.

The frontal lobe takes the central role on planning, conforming to a social norm, controlling feelings, and the consciousness is in it.

When dopamine is secreted into it, people continue to have strong motivation.

In this way, the epoch happened, didn’t it?

The background in which primitive fine arts arose in Europe was the interaction of global environment and human-beings evolution, and the interaction of their intelligence and the settlement in a group.

Furthermore the brain and the gene were deeply concerned with it.

Next time, we will look at some mystery of primitive fine arts.

脳に何が起きたのか？

A10から神経伝達物質ドーパミンが広範囲、特に前頭葉に大量かつ長時間分泌される。神経伝達物質は数十種類あるが、ドーパミンは快楽物質と呼ばれ、幸福感や恋愛感情を強く持続させる働きがある。このA10は人類だけが持っている大きな蛇口のようなものです。

前頭葉は、計画、社会規範遵守、感情抑制などの働きを担い、意識もここにあります。ここにドーパミンが分泌されると、長期的で強い動機付けが行われます。このようにして画期は起こったのでしょうね。

ヨーロッパで原初美術が誕生した背景には、地球環境と人類進化、集団による定住と知能の相互作用、さらに脳と遺伝子が深く関わっていたのです。

次回からは、まだ解明されていない原初美術の謎に迫ります。