Birth of primitive art : A table of contents and abstract

I show the list of a series " Birth of primitive art “.

please look at  page of “ Birth of primitive art “.

連載「原初美術の誕生１～１７話」を一覧にしています。

どうぞ「原初美術の誕生」ページを見て下さい。

 

 　

　　　

　

　　

　　

Birth of primitive art １７： It might tell us something.

＜　The color of earth people's skin　＞

This series of "Birth of primitive art " is finished in this time.

We look at things that people of ３００００ years ago left and have more than one interpretation today.

I feel that the secret of human-beings evolution and a still more important suggestion are hidden in them.

今回で、「原初美術の誕生」の連載を終えます。

数万年前の人々が残し、解釈が定まっていない物を見ます。

それらには、人類進化の秘密、さらに重要な示唆が隠されているような気がする。

＜　Left fig.: making negative hand shape. Right fig.: the hand shape ＞

These hand shapes were painted 20,000 years ago in a cave, France.

Many kind of pattern were painted bending finger as indicated.

These are found all over the world at 15% of ruins in 13000～35000 years ago.

It may show the number.

There are peoples who count number of heads until 20 using the finger of his hand within the reindeer nomad in Siberia.

この手形はフランスの洞窟に2万年前描かれたものです。

図のように指を曲げて、幾通りもの指が欠けたパターンを描いたようです。

世界中で、３５０００～１３０００年前の遺跡の１５％で見つかっています。

これは数字を示しているらしい。

シベリアのトナカイ遊牧民には、手の指を使い２０まで頭数を数える人々がいる。

＜　partial diagrammatic view, Venus of Laussel, France, 25000 years ago　＞

This Venus has a horn of the bison on which the lines of 13 was engraved.

The lines probably show a number of the moons for one year, and some days.

このビーナスは１３の線が刻まれたバイソンの角を持っている。

この刻線は１年間の月数か何か日数を示しているらしい。

＜　a board made from a bone, France, 28000 years ago　＞

Many symbols that have segregated and been continuing probably show phases of the moon.

描き分けられた図形が連続しており、月の満ち欠けを示していると考えられる。

＜ The symbols of rock arts of the prehistoric age、by Bradshaw Foundation ＞

The symbols were drawn repeatedly in 146 caves in France.

Surprisingly, the same as the symbols had appeared all over the world.

The symbols were drawn 13000～35000 years ago.

Within the 26 symbols, there are 15 symbols that are found at 15% or more of all the ruins.

The zig-zag sign at the right lower was found in Australia, the north-south United States, India, and inside and Southern Africa.

The symbols were drawn 13000～20000 years ago.

この記号はフランスの洞窟壁画（１４６箇所）に頻繁に描かれていたものです。

驚くことに世界中にこれと同じ記号が出現しているのです。

この記号群は３５０００～１３０００年前に描かれたものです。

この２６個の記号中、全遺跡の１５％以上で見つかったものは１５個あります。

右下のジグザグ記号はオーストラリア、南北アメリカ、インド、中・南部アフリカで見つかっています。

それが描かれた時期は２００００～１３０００年前の期間です。

What would these mean?

They had already treated the number.

With that、The number of game animal was counted, the calendar was recorded and the period like childbirth was possibly measured.

They have recognized surrounding nature abstractly, and were thinking of it and expressing it.

Their capability to express fine arts and the symbols suddenly did not appeared in glacial epoch of Europe.

I think that people in those days were unable to tell the symbols to all each continent.

Those days, all people that had diffused on the earth must have had the same intelligence and feeling.

Because human beings had been adapted to the climate for the past 10,000 years at most, the color of skin changed, and the race was birthed.

Europe of the glacial epoch enabled the settlement of group, and explosion of fine arts was induced, and disappeared by warming.

That's just about it.

Thank you for reading this series until the last.

これらは何を意味するのでしょうか？

彼らは既に数字を扱っていたのです。

それにより狩猟動物の頭数を数え、暦を記録し、出産のような時期を計っていたのかもしれません。

自然を抽象的に認識し、思考し、表現していたのです。

美術や記号を表現する能力はヨーロッパの氷河期に突如として出現したのではないのです。

当時の人々が、各大陸の隅々まで記号を伝えるのは不可能です。

地球上に展開していた当時の人々は、すべて同じ知能と感情を持っていたのです。

高々ここ１万年間の気候に順応したことにより、肌の色が変わり、人種が生まれたのです。

氷河期のヨーロッパが集団定住を可能にし、美術の爆発を生み、そして温暖化共に消え去った。

それだけのことなのです。

連載を最後までお読みいただきありがとうございました。

Birth of primitive art 16： What did precede the primitive art? Part2

＜　The Himba woman in northern Namibia　＞

Last time, we looked at the oldest fine arts and the ocher that were used abundantly over the world.

Using the red selectively has concerned with the creation of fine arts.

This time, I will consider this.

The Himba woman has covered their body and hair with red ocher that dissolved with oil.

This is not only sunscreen, but also the female beauty that has symbolized blood color of life.

前回、地球最古の美術とオーカーが多用されたことを見ました。

赤色を選択的に使うことは、「美術の創出」に関わりがあります。

今回、これを考察します。

ヒンバ族の女性は油で溶いた赤色オーカーを体と髪に塗ります。

これは日焼け防止もあるが、血の色が生命を象徴する女性の美しさなのです。

 ＜ the ancient architecture in China, Japan, and South Korea　＞

The ancient architecture in East Asia was almost red color.

Fig. A is the oldest Buddhist temple in Luoyang, China (the 1st century).

Fig. B is a gate of Heian Jingu in Kyoto and was reproduce a part of Heiankyo of the 8th century.

Fig. C is a tower of the Buddhist temple in Koyasan, Japan.

Fig. D is a gate of the detached palace of the 15th century in Seoul, South Korean.

At present, although many of temples of the ancient city were fading, they were shining with vermilion at when they were built.

Since ancient times, the appearance of the king's palace, the shrine, and the temple in East Asia was applied red.

東アジアの古代建築は赤一色。

Aは洛陽にある中国最古の仏教寺院（白馬寺）です（1世紀）。

Ｂは京都の平安神宮の門で、８世紀の平安京を一部再現したものです。

Ｃは日本、高野山の仏教寺院の塔です。

Ｄは韓国ソウルにある１５世紀の離宮の門です。

現在、古都の寺院の多くは色褪せているが創建当時は朱色に輝いていた。

古来、東アジアの王宮、神殿、寺院の外観は赤く塗られていた。

＜　Left side, a Ryukyu king is standing in front Shuri Castle. Right Side, Buddha Amida was painted in Tibet.　＞

In Asia, the red had an important meaning.

Ryukyu Dynasty was the style of China as same as Korean Peninsula.

The dress for courtesy in three nations was the same crimson.

In Buddhism, the body color of the highest Buddha Amida was red.

The red color symbolizes authority and dignity。And it gives people an idea of great benefit.

アジアにおいて、赤は重要な意味を持っていた。

琉球王朝は朝鮮半島と同様に中国風でした。その儀礼用装束は三カ国同じ真っ赤でした。

大乗仏教の最高仏阿弥陀如来の身色は赤で表された。

赤色は権威と尊厳を象徴し、人々に絶大な恩恵をイメージさせた。

＜　Red color in Europe, Egypt, and South America　＞

On other continents, what is the red role?

Fig. A is a room of the Palace of Knossos in Crete (around the BC 19th century).

It was rare to apply red color to building in Europe.

Fig. B is Seth God in ancient Egypt, and its body color is red that means the calamity.

Fig. C is a Mass of martyrdom by the priest with red vestment.

In Christianity, although the red color meant the love, yet it more meant the evil and the sacrifice.

Fig. D is the female doll that was decorated with red for sacrifice in Inca Empire.

Probably, latter three were emphasized the minus images of the scorching sun or blood.

他の大陸において、赤色の役割は・・・

Aはクレタ島のクノッソス宮殿の一室です（BC１９世紀頃）。ヨーロッパの建物が赤で塗られることは少ない。

Bは古代エジプトのセト神で、この邪神の身色は災厄を意味した赤でした。

Cは赤い祭服の司祭による殉教のミサです。キリスト教で、赤は愛を示すこともあるが、悪魔や生け贄をより意味した。

Dはインカ帝国の赤で飾られた生け贄用の女性人形です。

後の三つは、灼熱の太陽や血のマイナスイメージが強調されたのだろう。

What do the red color mean?

Since ancient times, the red color was strongly concerned with good luck, disaster, love, and authority (sacredness) around the world.

It changed by the cultural sphere or the religion little by little.

The meaning of red was probably separated to two, because the people that lived in Middle East of dry climate or in Asia of moistness climate had the difference in the consciousness to the sun.

Even so, because it has a meaning that originates a long time ago, the red color has still continued to give strong impact.

赤色の意味するもの

古来、赤色は世界各地で吉兆、厄災、愛、権威（神聖）などと強く結びついていた。

それは文化圏や宗教によって異なっていた。

赤色イメージは、湿潤なアジアと乾燥した中東とで、太陽への意識の違いにより、二つに別れたのだろう。

それでも赤色が強いインパクトを与え続けてきたのは、赤色に遙かに時代を遡る意味があったからだろう。

We look back the evolution a little.

All from insect to primates, when it has been born, it has the smell (sexual pheromone), taste, and vision image (snake) that stir up a feeling of likes and dislikes.

A scholar says, “the reason that human beings have feeling special to red originates in having asked for fruits ripe of red color on tree.” 

The period from birth of the primates is 60 million years.

少し進化を振り返ろう。

昆虫に始まり霊長類は生まれながらにして、好悪の感情を呼び覚ます臭い（性フェロモン）、味、視覚イメージ（蛇）がある。

ある進化学者は、人類が赤色に特別な感情を持つのは、霊長類の誕生から始まる６千万年間の樹上生活において、赤く熟した果実を求めたことに起因すると言う。

What is art?

The primitive man came to use the red color selectively, probably, because it had satisfied their comfortable feelings.

The revolutionary change occurred in that time, because the ability of associating some imagery and expressing the imagery was being born in their brain.

They had associated some imagery with the law of causality that they thought. Then they expressed it. It will give them a pleasant sensation and a sense of relief, and might had induced art.

At that time, if there was dense group society, the art was born at a breath, and the culture grew.

It produced the necklace, the Venus, the statues of lion man, flutes, and many rock arts of game animal.

Next time, I look at other mysteries hidden in primitive fine arts.

芸術とは何か？

原人が赤色を重宝し始めたのは、それが良好な感情を満足させたからでしょう。

画期が生まれたのは、彼らの脳に、イメージの連想と、表現力が誕生しつつあったからでしょう。

彼らは考えた因果律と心象を関連づけ、それを表現することで、快感や安堵感を覚え、芸術を生むことになった。

もし、この時に密な集団社会があれば、その芸術は一気呵成に花が開き、文化が生まれた。

このことが首飾りに始まり、ビーナスやライオンマンの像、フルート、狩猟動物の岩絵を生みだした。

次回は、原初美術に秘められた他の謎を追います。

Birth of primitive art 15 : What did precede the primitive art ? part１

 

＜　Blombos Cave in South Africa. A cave entrance is right-hand mountain side.  modern human beings lived 100,000 years ago.　＞

Till last time, we looked at the primitive fine arts since 35000 years ago in the world.

Didn't human beings make fine arts during 5 million?

This time, I will approach this mystery.

前回まで、３５０００年前以降の世界の原初美術を見て来ました。

それ以前の５００万年の間、人類は美術を作らなかったのでしょうか。

今回は、この謎に迫ります。

＜　The oldest figure　＞

Fig. A, the figure was found in Israel, was made of a red stone between 700000 and 230000 years ago, and was 4 cm in height.

Fig. B, the figure was found in Morocco, was made of a quartz between 500000 and 300000 years ago, and was 6 cm in height.　

Red ocher had adhered to the surface.

Both are considered that primitive man made.

Ages ago, primitive man on the way of evolution was performing fine arts creation.

Aはイスラエルで見つかった２３～７０万年前の高さ４ｃｍの赤い岩製人物像です。

Bはモロッコで見つかった３０～５０万年前の高さ６ｃｍの石英製人物像です。その表面に赤いオーカーが付着していた。

両方共、原人が作ったと考えられる。

遙か昔、現世人類への進化途上の原人が美術創作を行っていたのです。

＜　The oldest painting in Africa　＞

This painting found at the Apollo 11 cave in Namibia is estimated to date from approximately 25,000–27,000 years ago. It is an animal figure drawn on the slate.

At the south end of Africa, the creation was performed nearly in parallel to the Europe glacial epoch fine arts.

これはナミビアのアポロ１１洞窟で見つかった約２５０００～２７０００年前の動物図です。

アフリカ南端で、ヨーロッパ氷河期美術とほぼ並行して創作が行われていたのです。

＜　something like fine arts　　＞

Fig. A are the oldest bead made of many shells between 140000 and 100000 years ago, and were found in the cave in Israel.

Fig. B is an ocher found at Blombos Cave in South Africa. On its surface was the straight line pattern engraved, and it was made 75000 years ago.

In the cave where modern human beings were living, 8000 pieces and 12 sharpened crayons of ocher were found.

There were also brown and yellow colors of ocher, but the red was the most.

Ocher with the oldest used marks was found in Zambia in Africa, and was thing of 250,000 years ago.

Fig. C is a plate was found at Neanderthal ruins in Hungary, it was made of ivory at 250000 years ago. Red ocher had adhered to the surface.

It is considered that people was using at the ceremony over a long period of time.

What does the appearance of the bead, the plate, and the ocher mean?

This is concerned with "what is fine art?" deeply

The answer will be concerned with the relation of red color of ocher and human beings.

Aはイスラエルの洞窟（Skhūl）,で見つかった１０～１４万年前の最古の貝殻製ビーズです。

Bは南アフリカのブロンボスで見つかった７５０００年以上前の直線模様が刻まれたオーカー（黄土）の一つです。この現世人類が生活していた洞窟からは８千点のオーカーと先端を尖らせたクレヨンが１２本見つかった。オーカーの色は黄色と茶色もあったが、赤が最も多かった。

最も古い使用痕のあるオーカーはアフリカのザンビアで見つかり、２５万年前のものです。

Cはハンガリーのネアンデルタール人遺跡（タタ）で見つかった象牙製プレートで、赤いオーカーが塗られていた。これは入念に作られ、長期間繰り返し儀式などに使われたと推測される。

このビーズやプレート、オーカーの出現は何を意味するのでしょうか？

これは「美術とは何か」と深く関わっています。

オーカーの赤色と人類の関わりにその答えがありそうです。

＜　Burial and red color　＞

Fig.A is two small children's burial at 27000 years ago in Austria. Many red ochers was scattered there.   

In burial of Cro-Magnon after 37000 years ago, accessories attached to the dead and ocher was scattered on it.

Although Neanderthal was burying after 70,000 years ago, the dead that was painted with red pigments is seen in various area of Europe.

Ocher was used also with many pictures in every area of the earth.

Fig.B is the inner room of an ancient tomb in Japan at 5th century,　and it is also painted in red.

This red was made from mercury and sulfur.

Since time began, the red color had an important meaning in every corner of the earth.

Next time, I want to explain this meaning.

Aはオーストリアで見つかった２７０００年前の幼児２体の埋葬で、赤いオーカーが撒かれている。３７０００年前以降のクロマニヨン人の埋葬では、死者はオーカーが撒かれていることがある。ネアンデルタール人は７万年前以降、埋葬を行っていたが、赤色顔料を塗った遺体がヨーロッパ各地で見られる。世界各地の絵画にもオーカーは使用されていた。

Ｂは5世紀、日本の亀山古墳の墓室も赤く塗られていた。この赤は水銀と硫黄から作られた。

遙か昔から世界各地で赤色は重要な意味を持っていた。

次回、この意味を説き明かしたいと思います。

Birth of primitive art 1４ ： People who made first fine arts ３

＜　Rock-Art、Four hunters and a leader、south-eastern Spain、8000 years ago　＞

This time, the change that occurred in Cro-Magnons heart is evident from the burial and the fine arts.

I examine the thing that the change brought, and also the cause.

Last time, although we looked at the influence of their settlement, it is more important that rich contacts increased into the family or the group.

Influence good for child rearing must have come out first.

When they gathered together, they probably enjoyed a long talk like present-day hunter-gatherers.

This probably grew their intelligence, language, and their culture.

Probably, this is one of the reasons in which Neanderthal who used fire and had language functions (cerebral language field and throat structure) lost battles with Cro-Magnon.

　

今回は、クロマニヨン人の心に起きた変化を埋葬と美術から読み取ります。

その変化がもたらしたもの、さらに原因について考察します。

前回、定住の影響を見ましたが、さらに重要なのは、家族や集団に濃密な時間が増えたことです。先ず育児に良い影響が出たはずです。また現代の狩猟採集民のように、集えば長話を楽しんだことだろう。これは知能と言語を発達させ、文化発展を促しただろう。火を扱い言語機能（脳の言語野と喉構造）を有したネアンデルタール人が、クロマニヨン人との生存競争に負けた理由の一つがここにあるのだろう。

＜　reconstruction of a burial, a ruins in Russia, 28000～20000 years ago, by Don's Maps　＞

What happened to Cro-Magnons family?

A 13-year-old boy lies on the left of the figure, and an 8-year-old girl lies on the right.

They dressed with protections against the cold from head to tip of foot entirely.

Splendid spears made of ivory and the necklace of beads, etc. were added in large quantities.

This burial clarifies the difference between Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon.

Although Neanderthal also buried one person, they didn't bury small child or more than one person.

Cro-Magnon performed a burial of mother and child for the first time in the cave in Israel at 90,000 years ago.

After that, the burial examples such as two small children and three adults increased in Eurasia from 40,000 years ago.

They began to be strongly conscious of the bonds of mother and child, a family, and a group.

Probably, respecting for maternity added on prayer of fertility, and it led to Venus statue and next mother goddess worship.

クロマニヨン人の家族に何が起きたのか。

図の右に８歳の少女と左に13歳の少年が横たわっている。彼らは頭から足先まで防寒具を着せられ、象牙製の立派な槍やビーズのネックレスなどが大量に副葬されていた。

この埋葬にネアンデルタール人とクロマニヨン人と違いが明瞭に出ている。

ネアンデルタール人も埋葬を行っていたが幼児や複数葬はほとんどなかった。クロマニヨン人は9万年前のイスラエルのカフゼー洞窟で母子二体の埋葬を初めて行い、その後、幼児二体、成人三体などの組合せ例がユーラシアで４万年前以降増加する。彼らは母子や家族、集団の絆を強く意識し始めた。母性への敬いが豊穣への祈りに加わり、ビーナス像、後の地母神崇拝へと繋がったのだろう。

Originally, because hunter-gatherers have several problems in life with a lot of people, they dispersed easily. Similarly, they are hesitant to settle down.

Something that controls this minus feeling and advances must have happened in their heart.

Although advanced technology and intelligence were indispensable to adaptation to arctic cold, unless the bonds of family or group arose strongly, the epoch would not have happen.

But, gradually woman and magician are expressed carefully, and group behavior such as the hunting that was shown a prefatory picture came to be drawn in the last stage.

Furthermore, mother and child and the women who danced were also drawn.

On the other hand, drawing carefully game animals decreased.

元来、狩猟採集民は、大勢での生活は問題が多く離散しやすく、定住も同様に抵抗がある。この感情を抑制し前進させる何かが彼らの心に起こったはずである。極寒への適応には高度な技術と知能が不可欠だが、家族や集団を結びつける感情が強く沸き上がらないと画期は起こらなかった。

ヨーロッパの氷河期美術を概観すると、最初、人間、特に男は稚拙（丸に点）に描かれていた。しかし徐々に女性と魔術師が丁寧に表現され、末期には巻頭図のような狩りなどの集団行動が描かれるようになった。さらに母子や踊る女性達も描かれた。一方で狩猟動物を丁寧に描くことは減っていった。

＜　Brain of modern humans, a red mark is group of neurons A10（VTA）、by CMAJ　＞

What happened to Cro-Magnons brain?

Neurotransmitter dopamine is widely secreted from A10 for a long time in large quantities, especially to the frontal lobe.

Although neurotransmitters are tens of kinds, a dopamine is called a pleasure substance, and have a role to maintain a feeling of happiness and romantic feeling strongly.

A10 is like the big faucet that only human beings have.

The frontal lobe takes the central role on planning, conforming to a social norm, controlling feelings, and the consciousness is in it.

When dopamine is secreted into it, people continue to have strong motivation.

In this way, the epoch happened, didn’t it?

The background in which primitive fine arts arose in Europe was the interaction of global environment and human-beings evolution, and the interaction of their intelligence and the settlement in a group.

Furthermore the brain and the gene were deeply concerned with it.

Next time, we will look at some mystery of primitive fine arts.

脳に何が起きたのか？

A10から神経伝達物質ドーパミンが広範囲、特に前頭葉に大量かつ長時間分泌される。神経伝達物質は数十種類あるが、ドーパミンは快楽物質と呼ばれ、幸福感や恋愛感情を強く持続させる働きがある。このA10は人類だけが持っている大きな蛇口のようなものです。

前頭葉は、計画、社会規範遵守、感情抑制などの働きを担い、意識もここにあります。ここにドーパミンが分泌されると、長期的で強い動機付けが行われます。このようにして画期は起こったのでしょうね。

ヨーロッパで原初美術が誕生した背景には、地球環境と人類進化、集団による定住と知能の相互作用、さらに脳と遺伝子が深く関わっていたのです。

次回からは、まだ解明されていない原初美術の謎に迫ります。

Birth of primitive art 13 ： People who made first fine arts ２

＜　left side is modern human, right side is Neanderthal、by Ｗikipedia　＞

Last time, we looked at the situation in which human beings had gone into Europe.

Why did the Cro-Magnon begin first fine arts?

The reason is explored together with readers.

前回は現世人類がヨーロッパに進出した状況を見ました。

なぜクロマニヨン人が原初美術を始めたのだろうか？

その理由を読者と一緒に探ります。

 

＜　 Tools of Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon in Europe is compared.　＞

Fig. A shows the stone tool that Neanderthal made from 70000 to 50000 years ago. Figs. B and C show what the Cro-Magnon man made.

The stone tools were made from 20000 to 12000, and a harpoon was made of bone from 17000 to 11000 years ago.

The bone or horn implement rapidly developed since Cro-Magnon has appeared.

Stone tools of Cro-Magnon became sharp edged tool.　These and spear thrower enabled them to do efficient hunting.　Moreover, they made the extreme clothes that matched their body with sharp cutlery and thin needle. These enabled the lives of extreme cold.

図Aはネアンデルタール人が７０～５０千年前に作った石器です。図BとCはクロマニヨン人が作ったもので、石器は２０～１２千年前、骨角器の銛は１７～１１千年前のものです。骨角器はクロマニヨン人になってから急速に発達した。

クロマニヨン人の石器は精緻で鋭い刃物になっている。これらと槍投器が効率の良い狩猟を可能にした。また鋭い刃物と細い針で体に合う極寒服を作った。これらが極寒の生活を可能にした。

On the other hand, the reindeer and horse of the large animal traveled in large herds in this cold. They were waiting for them in a ravine etc. and they hunted them in a group.  Furthermore, extreme cold enabled preservation of a lot of meat. In this way, they became to settle down on ideal place one season in a group.

Which route does group of animals pass through?  Can a few mammoths be discovered?  

This was their big anxiety. Probably, when they were not able to predict, they wanted to depend on the prayer or the curse like indigenous people.

In this way, they worshipped the skull of game animal, and the mural painting of the animal.

A statue of lion man and several figure of magician suggest later idol worship.

一方、この寒さの中、大型のトナカイや馬が大群で移動していた。彼らは渓谷などでそれらを待ち伏せ, 集団で狩りをした。さらに極寒は大量の肉の保存を可能にした。こうして彼らは好適地に、集団で1シーズン定住を行うようになった。

動物の群れはどのルートを通るのか、数少ないマンモスを発見することが出来るのか、これは彼らの大きな懸念であった。彼らは予測出来ない時は、先住民と同様に祈りや呪いに託したのだろう。

こうして狩猟動物の頭骨や自ら描いた動物の壁画を拝んだのだろう。

ライオンマンの像や魔術師の図は、後の偶像崇拝を想わせる。

＜　Comparison of the dwelling　＞

Neanderthal made Fig. A, and Cro-Magnon made Figs. B and C.

Fig. A is an imaginary picture of a shelter at a ruin in France, is about 15 m in length, and was made about 400,000 years ago.

It was built standing trees to holes and fixing these with stones.

Although it is the first construction dwelling in Europe, the oldest dwelling at 1.8 million years ago is found in Africa, and was very small.

Fig. B shows the restoration of a dwelling at the ruins in Ukraine, is about 6 m in diameter, and about 18,000 years ago.

It was built assembling trees, covering with furs, using bones of the mammoth as a weight for these.

Fig. C is an imaginary picture of dwelling at Gonnersdorf ruin in Germany, is about 6 m in diameter, and was made about 15,000 years ago.

It was built assembling trees, and stretching furs of horse on its frame.

In it, there were a cooking device that made with bones of the mammoth, and a cooking hole.

They lived on several dwellings like this during winter months in a group.

Probably, except this period, they went in quest of game animal, and lived life on the move.

図Aはネアンデルタール人が、図B,Cはクロマニヨン人が作った。

図Aはフランスの遺跡にある避難所の想像図で、長さ約１５ｍ、約４０万年前のものです。これは穴に木を立て石で固定し建てられた。これはヨーロッパで最初の築造住居跡ですが、アフリカでは１８０万年前の最古の小さな住居跡が見つかっている。

図Bはウクライナのメジリチ遺跡の復元で、直径約６ｍ、約１８千年前のものです。木で枠組みし、毛皮で覆い、マンモスの骨を重しにした。

図Cはドイツのゲナスドルフ遺跡の復元図で、直系約６ｍ、約１５千年前のものです。木で枠組みし、馬の皮を張って作られた。その中にはマンモスの骨を組んだ調理器と調理穴がある。この数棟に冬の数ヶ月間、集団で生活していた。この時期以外は狩猟動物を求めて移動生活をしていたのだろう。

Although the existence of a furnace was common in them, Figs. B and C were firm and adapted to extreme cold.

Originally, since hunter-gatherers move frequently, they carry neither a tool nor materials.

Therefore, a shelter becomes very simple as shown in Fig. A.

People that drew cave mural paintings lived in the entrance of cave and on rock shadow.

There, wind was interrupted, low tree have grown, and the water place was near.

炉の存在は共通するが、図B,Cは強固で極寒に適応している。元来、狩猟採集民は頻繁に移動するので、道具や資材を持ち運ばない。したがって図Aのように避難所は非常に簡便となる。

洞窟壁画を描いた人々は深い河谷にある洞窟の入口や岩陰で暮らした。そこは風が遮られ、低木も茂り、水場も近かった。

This settlement of a glacial epoch brought about fundamental changes to people.

They were able to been having Venus statues that were sculptured and made of clay near themselves.

The settlement by large group also became to enable the allocation of tasks, and entrust mural painting to skillful person.

These led to development of fine arts and technology.

Since they repeatedly have grouped together and have broken up, it promoted the exchange of knowledge and goods.

The acquisition range of stone tool spread from a few kilometers to a few hundred kilometers.

In this way, Cro-Magnon created the primitive fine arts in the extreme cold.

Next time, we will look at the important impact that the settlement caused further.

この氷河期の定住は、人々に変化をもたらした。

彼らは素焼きや彫刻のビーナス像を作って、身近に持つことを可能にした。集住は作業分担を可能にし、壁画を巧みな者に任すことにもなった。これらが美術や技術の発展につながった。繰り返す離散と集住は、知識や情報、物資の交換を促進した。石器材料の入手範囲は、それまでの数十ｋｍから数百ｋｍに広がった。

こうしてクロマニヨン人が氷雪の極寒の中、原初美術を生むことになった。

次回は、さらに定住が引き起こした重要なインパクトを探ります。