Showing posts with label Series: History of sickness and medical art. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Series: History of sickness and medical art. Show all posts

20150302

History of sickness and medical art 31: China 6


病と医術の歴史 31: 中国 6        




< 1. Bronze ware of Yin dynasty, the 14-11th century B.C. >
< 1. 殷の青銅器、紀元前14~11世紀 >

This time, I introduce a summary of Chinese medical art, and end it.
今回で、中国医学のまとめを行い、終わります。


< 2. Dishes of Chinese food therapywas stewed medicines in soup
< 2. 薬材を煮込んだ薬膳料理、 >

The megatrend (mainly till the 1st century)
In ancient China, the medical art of empirical science gradually developed from medical art being mainly magic.
As for the recognition to physiology, there was an emphasis on heart and a body fluid theory same as other ancient civilization.
There were several phases of outstanding changes in medical art till the 1st century.
Doctors divided their treatments among medicine men in Imperial Court.
There was the activity of doctors who went around each country intended for common people also.
Some important medical books were published.
The etiology had a concept being close to human body at around the 1st century B.C., but after that, it united with a theory of mind by religion (Taoism) and it didn’t develop.
However, because they attached importance to the practice, Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Chinese herb were developed


大きな流れ(主に紀元前後まで)
古代中国において、呪術中心の治療から経験科学による医術が徐々に発展していった。
身体生理への認識では、他の古代文明と同様な心臓重視と体液論があった。
医学上、何段階かの目立つ変化、宮廷内での巫医と医者の分掌、庶民をも対象にした遍歴医の活躍、医学書出版などが紀元前に起きて発展していた。
病因論は、紀元頃には身体に密接した概念を持ったこともあったが、その後は宗教(道教)の精神論と一体となり、安住してしまった感がある。
しかし実践を重視した鍼灸と漢方薬では高みを極めることになった。



3. pulse diagnosis >
3.脈診 >

The characteristic of Chinese medical art, and the background
A: they did not identify a cause of the disease and decided the treatment policy by combination of plural symptoms.
B: they attached importance to disease prevention by raising natural healing capacity than treating the disease from outside.
C: in the disease diagnosis, the pulse diagnosis was developed especially.

In China, why didn’t the surgery develop? And why did the etiology greatly depend on the theory of mind?

Many religions of the world disliked the profanity of the body, and Confucianism prohibited the dissection like Christianity and Islam.
Therefore it is weak as a persuasive power that Chinese surgery didn’t develop by the prohibition of the religion.
Looking around the world, because pastoral tribe did not have resistance to the dissection than agricultural people, this may be a cause of it.

Another characteristic will originate in a reason that is pointed out in certain culture psychology.
People of the East Asia have a strong tendency that " can see forest but don’t look at tree " as compared with Westerner.
This seems to have led Chinese etiology that didn't identify one cause and saw the whole symptom.
This will become to the characteristic A.

中国医学の特徴とその背景
A: 一つの病因を特定するのではなく、複数の症状の組合せ「証」によって治療方針を決めた。
B: 病気を外部から治療するよりも、自然治癒力を高めることと病気予防を重視した。
C: 病気診断では、四診(観察、聴・嗅診、質問、脈診)の脈診が発達した。

中国ではなぜ外科手術が発達しなかったのか、また病気を全体で捉えるのは良いとしても、病因論(因果関係)がなぜ精神論に大きく依存してしまったのか?

世界の宗教は概ね身体の冒涜を嫌い、儒教もキリスト教、イスラム教と同様に解剖を禁止した。
だから宗教の禁則で中国の外科が発達しなかったとするのでは説得力が弱い。
世界を見ると、農耕民族より牧畜民族の方が解剖に抵抗はなかったので、これが一因かもしれない。

もう一つの特徴は文化心理学で指摘されてことが起因しているのだろう。
東アジアの人々は欧米人と比べ「森を見て、木を見ない」傾向が強い。
これは中国の病因論が、一原因に特定せず、症状全体を見ることにつながりそうです。
これが特徴Aに繋がるのだろう。




< 4. a symbol showing “Yin and Yang” and a temple of Taoism >
< 4. 陰陽を表す図と道教の寺院 >

In China, Yin and Yang philosophy (space or body unify and change by two opposed elements) began to be unified at about the 3rd century B.C.
And Confucianism and Taoism of two major religion of China theorized it.
Taoism greatly was developed during Tang Dynasties, and the prescription of perpetual youth and longevity was expected, but failed in Chinese alchemy (mercury poisoning).
The Buddhism being ascendant in those days had a systematized theory of mind (people’s understanding brings solace), and Taoism enhanced Yin and Yang philosophy to counter it, and it seems to be involved in medical art.
This will become to the characteristic B.

Still probably, the biggest factor was that China was on the Eurasian edge, and was shut from other advanced civilization with the large desert, the mountain range, and the sea for a long time, therefore it seems to cause.

From the next time, I see the medical art of the ancient Greece.

中国では、陰陽思想(宇宙や身体は二つの要素が対立し統合して変化する)は紀元前3世紀頃にまとまり始め、それが中国の二大宗教の儒教と道教によって理論化されていた。
唐の時代に道教は大きく発展し不老長寿の処方を期待されるが、錬丹で失敗した(水銀中毒)。
当時、覇を競っていた仏教は体系化された精神論(悟りが救いをもたらす)を持っており、道教はこれと対抗する形で陰陽思想を高め、それが医術に取り込まれたようだ。
これが特徴Bに繋がるのだろう。


それでもおそらく最大の要因は中国がユーラシアの端にあり、長らく砂漠と山脈、海に遮られ他の高度文明との交流が遅れたことが災いしたのだろう。
インドやローマとの交流はあったが、仏教など一部に限られていた


次回から、古代ギリシャの医術を見ます。



20150201

History of sickness and medical art 30 : China 5


病と医術の歴史 30: 中国 5




< 1.  Soldiers of Sanguo Shidai of China >
< 1. 中国、三国時代の軍人 >

This time, I introduce medicament, cure, and Chinese alchemy.

今回は、薬剤と養生、錬丹について見ます。


Medicament
“Shennong Ben Cao Jing” is fatherless, the oldest book about materia medica, and was compiled during Later Han and Sanguo Shidai( the 2nd –3rd century).
This book sums up the knowledge and the treatment of the medicament from Zhanguo ( the 4th century B.C.).


薬 剤

「神農本草経」は作者不詳で、後漢から三国時代(2~3世紀)に成立した最古の薬物学書です。
この書は戦国時代(紀元前4世紀)からの用薬の経験と薬物学の知識を系統的にまとめている。



< 2. “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” >
< 2. 神農本草経 >


< 3. Ephedra >
< 3. 麻黄 >

In the book, there are 365 kinds of medicament, it is categorized as 252 plants, 67 animals, and 46 minerals, and majority of the efficacy is obvious.
For example, ephedra is antidiarrheal, seaweed is used to treatment of lump, glycyrrhiza is alexipharmic, and rheum is a laxative.   
The medicament is categorized into 3 groups.
It consist of 120 kinds of medicament having harmless but weak effect for recuperation, 120 kinds of medicament having harmless and effect for recuperation and treatment, and the rest is such as medicament for destroying tumors in the stomach but being harmful.
And it mentions the production area of medicament, the collection season, the processing process, the most suitable type (pill, powder, and it saturated in alcohol), the taking time, and the taking method.

Books about materia medica after the 3rd century were based on this “Shennong Ben Cao Jing”.
In plant medicament, it is well known as a certain kinds of hydrangea is suitable for malaria, ginseng is suitable for recovery of energy, and tetradium ruticarpum is suitable for ascariciding.
Some of the medicaments were from Egypt and India, and Southeast Asia.


薬物は365種あり、植物252、動物67、鉱物46に分類され、大多数は効能が確かである。
例えば麻黄は下痢止め、海藻は瘤の治療、甘草は解毒、大黄は通便など。
薬物を三種類に分け、無毒だが効果が弱く保養用120種、有益・無毒の保養と医療作用のある120種、残りが有毒で寒熱を除き、胃腸内の腫瘤を破るなどの医療作用があるとした。
また薬物の産地、採集時期、加工製法、適した剤型(丸、散、酒漬など)、服用時期、服用方法にも触れられている。

魏・晋代以降(紀元3世紀から)の薬物学の書は、この「神農本草経」を基礎にしている。
植物性薬剤では、ペストにダイフウノキ(高木の種)の油、マラリアにジョウサンアジサイ、精力回復に朝鮮人参、回虫にゴシュユ(低木)が良く知られている。
薬物にはエジプトやインド、東南アジア産のものも見られる。

Regimen

Many thinkers and medical scientists preached the regimen, and there were two points of view: "Let’s cultivate life with motion" or "Let’s cultivate life with stillness"
" Hundred Schools of Thought" insisted that we have to be according to nature, and do the care of health about eating and drinking, and have the harmony of mind.
Tua Tuo created the exercises borrowing from five animal postures in Qigong
“ Curing before becoming sickness” had been written in certain medical book.

養 生
養生は強壮・疾病予防・老化防止の大切な手段であった。
多くの思想家や医学者が養生法を説き、「静を以って生を養う」「動を以って生を養う」の二つの観点があった。
多くの「諸子百家」は自然に従い、飲食の摂生や精神の調和を主張した。
華陀は気功・導引から五つの動物姿態の模倣体操を編み出した。
「内経」は「未だ病まざるを治す」、すなわち疾病予防が養生上重要であるとした。



< 4. Chinese alchemy? >
< 4. 錬丹術? >



 5. Cinnabar  
< 5.丹砂 > 

Chinese alchemy and immortality
On the other hand, “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” included the knowledge of Taoism (thought of immortal), and showed the early state of Chinese alchemy.
In this book, it was written that mercury already had effect on the treatment of scabies and the insecticide of louse.
Chinese alchemy is to made the medicament for immortality by means of mixing and producing chemically change to metals such as mercury sulfide (cinnabar), gold or leaden.
A certain book of Taoism in the 4th century was the first important book about Chinese alchemy, and the chemical knowledge became abundance.
Chinese associated the elixir of immortality with remarkable changing of mercury from red ore of mercury sulfide (fig. 5) and the non-corrosive attribute of gold.
In ancient China, the people attached importance to living in this mortal world than afterworld.
Therefore, the First Qin Emperor had searched the medicament for immortality, in best days, kings of Tang (the 7-9th century) drank the medicament for immortality made by Chinese alchemy, and the many kings died by poisoning.
Before long, Taoism came to cultivate the immortality not by medicament of immortality but by Qi (spirit) of his body.
On the other hand, the abundant knowledge by Chinese alchemy developed the chemistry and the metallurgy, and then the world's first gunpowder was made in China in the ninth century.


錬丹と不老不死
一方、「神農本草経」には道教(神仙思想)が根強く、錬丹術の初期の様子が見える。
この書には、すでに水銀が疥癬の治療、虱の殺虫剤に効能ありと書かれていた。
錬丹とは、硫化水銀(丹砂)、金、鉛などの金属を化学変化させ調合し不老不死の薬を作ることです。
4世紀の道教の書「抱朴子」は錬丹術の初期の重要な書で、化学的知識も豊富になっていた。
中国では、硫化水銀の赤い鉱石(図5)から水銀への著しい変化、また金の非腐食性に生命の真髄を仮託した。
古代中国では、人々は死後よりも現世に生きることに重きを置いていた。
それが秦の始皇帝の徐福派遣(仙人探し)に始まり、最盛期、唐の王(7~9世紀)は錬丹家が作る不老不死の薬を飲用し、多くは中毒死した。
やがて道教は不老不死を薬でなく、人体内部の気で養う方向に向かっていった。
一方、錬丹術による豊富な知見は、化学と冶金学を発展させ、9世紀には世界最初の火薬が中国で作られた。



20150112

History of sickness and medical art 29 : China 4


病と医術の歴史 29: 中国 4



Acupuncture 

< 1. Acupuncture >
< 1. 針治療 >

I reopen this serialization after a long absence.
It carries on from “ History of sickness and medical art 26,27,28China 1,2,3 “

久しぶりに連載を再開します。
「病と医術の歴史 26,27,28: 中国 1,2,3 」の続きです。


Tortoiseshell 

< 2.  Tortoiseshell >
< 2. 亀甲 >


Treatment

Medicine man ascertained the cause of sickness by the fortune-telling using a tortoiseshell, and used three kinds of treatment measure.
1.      The physical measure being friction, fumigation and Acupuncture Moxibustion, etc.
2.      The measure transferring a demon of the disease cause to other.
3.  The measure by incantation, or talisman, etc.
Clause 1 involves the administration of a medicine, and it also is an aim that an internal demon runs away because of pain of the drug.
Clause 2 used the dolls being made of grass.



治 療
巫医は亀甲による占いで病気の原因を突き止め、三種類の治療法を使った。
一.     摩擦・燻蒸・鍼灸(針灸)などの物理的なもの。
二.     病気原因の悪霊を他の物体に乗り換えさせるもの。
三.     呪文・護符などによるもの。
第一項には、薬剤投与も含まれるが、服用によって体内の悪霊が苦痛のために逃げ出すのを目的としたものもある。
第二項には、草で作った人形などを使用した。

Doll of straw

< 3. Doll of straw used for a curse in Japan >
< 3. 日本で呪詛のために使われた藁人形 >

When empirical science advanced in medical art, for the diagnosis, there was observation, observation with stethoscope, interview, pulse diagnosis, and palpation was adopted in some cases.
After, the pulse diagnosis was regarded as important, it was done in three places, and it was said that it was able to catch hundreds of characteristics.
Treatment measure was five methods of psychotherapy, dietary cure, drug therapy, whole body therapy, Acupuncture Moxibustion therapy.
Dental therapy was limited to being coated with medicines or drinking.
In the 2nd century B.C., a doctor left the first medical record.
Tua Tuo is a doctor who played an active part in the private sector in the 2nd century A.D. and he did open surgery with using anesthetic.
The anatomy did not develop, because Confucius forbade the profanity of the body.


経験科学による医術が進むと、診断に、観察、聴診、問診、脈診、場合により触診も取り入れられた。
後には脈診が重要視され、三箇所で脈拍が見られ、何百という特徴を捉えることが出来るとされた。
治療法には、精神療法、食養生、薬剤療法、全身療法、鍼灸療法の五つの方法があった。
歯の治療は薬を塗るか、飲むかに限られていた。
紀元前2世紀始めの医師・淳于意は初のカルテを残している。
外科では紀元2世紀に活躍した民間医の華陀(カダ)が麻酔薬を用いて開腹手術を手がけている。
孔子は体の冒涜を禁じていたので解剖学は発達しなかった。

Tua Tuo is a surgeon

< 4.  Tua Tuo is a surgeon
< 4.外科医、華陀 >


Human body meridians

< 5. "Human body meridians" shows the points that are stabbed with needle >
< 5.経路図は針を刺す位置を示している >


The history of peculiar Acupuncture of China is old, and acute bone for Acupuncture was excavated from remains of 5th millennium B.C.
At first, man broke a pustule with the sharp part of a stone, and emptied pus and blood.
From this treatment reducing swelling, the Acupuncture was developed.
Moxibustion seems to have been developed from the accidental healing experience of burn injury.

中国独特の針治療の歴史は古く、骨針が紀元前5千年紀の遺跡から出土している。
最初、石の尖った部分で膿疱を破り、膿と血を出し、腫れをひかせる処置から針治療が発展した。
灸は火傷跡の偶然の治癒経験から発展したのだろう。

The purpose of this therapy is to discharge surplus yin and yang, it is to bring appropriate balance, and then it is said that can flow the outside energy into the body.
In Acupuncture therapy, the curer pricks the skin with a long needle till the constant depth at a certain place.
The curer pricks 365 energy centers along the meridians running on the surface of the body with the needle.
Human body meridians cover the body surface, and have a function to carry active vitality called “ Qi”.
For example, pricking a certain point of the earlobe with a needle treats an abdominal disease.
This therapy is said to be good for every sickness, debilitation, symptom, and, after it came to be used for anesthesia, too.


この治療目的は、過剰な陰と陽を排出し、適切なバランスをもたらすことにあるが、外部のエネルギーを体内に導入することも可能とされた。
鍼は、皮膚に長い針を場所によって決まった深さまで刺す。
針は体表を走る経路に沿って存在する365のツボに刺す。
経路は全身を巡り、「気」と呼ばれる活性の生命力を運ぶ役目がある。
例えば、耳たぶのある点に針を刺すことで、腹部の病気を治療する。
あらゆる病気、衰弱状態、症状に効くとされ、のちには麻酔にも使用されるようになった。

Moxibustion therapy is a cure to make a blister, by putting moxa (dried leaves of wormwood) on the skin small at energy centers same as the Acupuncture therapy and burning it.
Acupuncture Moxibustion therapy developed, but the development of the surgery is late, and drug treatment drinking as a decoction became central part of medical art.

灸は、モグサを鍼と同じツボで皮膚の上に小さく盛り上げて燃やし、水ぶくれを作る治療法である。
鍼灸は発達したが外科の発達は遅れ、煎じて飲む薬物療法が中心であった。

 Tai chi chuan

< 5.  Tai chi chuan is performed in the morning in Chinese park >
< 5. 太極拳は中国の公園で早朝よく行われている >

In the Christian Era, Anma( Japanese massage) and Tai chi chuan later were born.
In the 11th century, Chinese medical art succeeded in immunity of the smallpox along with India.
It is to pour the dried powder made of a crust of the smallpox into a nostril with using a thin pipe.


紀元後には按摩、遅れて太極拳などの療法も生まれた。
11世紀には、インドと並んで天然痘の免疫に成功していた。
それは乾いて粉状になつた天然痘の外皮を細い管を使って鼻孔に注入して行った。




20140702

History of sickness and medical art 28:  China 3

 medical book “Huangdi Neijing”

1. medical bookHuangdi Neijing”


This time, I look at how people recognized the sickness in those days.

今回は、当時の人々が病をどのように認識していたかを見ます。


 Restored instruments of acupuncture in “Huangdi Neijing”

 2. Restored instruments of acupuncture in Huangdi Neijing” 

The oldest medical book “Huangdi Neijing”
This Chinese oldest medical book is written in the form that legendary Yellow Emperor discusses with a subject.
It was written in the first century B.C.
This form resembles the pattern that a legendary wizard had a dialogue with a king in " Caraka Sanhita" of India.
It consists of pathology, general remarks of physiology, and clinical medicine including diagnosis, treatment, acupuncture and moxibustion.

People are kept alive by life energy ( Qi ) of nature, and is controlled with the rule of four seasons”
From ancient times, in China (East Asia), people think people being harmonize with nature, and it becomes sickness when balance collapses.

最古の医書「黄帝内経」

この中国最古の医書は伝説上の黄帝が臣下と問答する形で著されている。
前1世紀頃に集成された。
この形式は、インドの「チュンカラ・サンヒター」に出てくる聖仙と王の問答に似ている。
病理学、生理学の総論と診断、治療、鍼灸など臨床篇からなっている。

「人は天地の気をもって生じ、春夏秋冬の四季の法をもて成る」
古来より中国(東アジア)では、人間は自然と調和しているものであり、バランスが崩れると病になると考えている。


this Classic Taoist Taijitu shows “Yin and Yang” 

< 3.  this Classic Taoist Taijitu shows “Yin and Yang” 

The fundamental theory is in Confucian doctrine” I Ching”.
It is said that people take birth with life energy ( Qi ) of “ Yin and Yang”, and people get sick if the harmony in the body was lost.
Furthermore, it was assumed that the human body is made of wood, fire, soil, gold, and water.
The basic elements of every phenomena and things were assigned to five.
There was 4 body fluid theory in Greece medicine, but there was 5 body fluid theory in China.
Moreover, people recognized that all blood was under rule of the heart, circulated through it continuously, and didn’t stop.


根本理論は儒教の教説「易」であり、人間は陰陽の気を呼吸しており、体内でこの両者が調和を失えば病気になるという。
さらに人体は木、火、土、金、水から出来ているとし、あらゆる現象と事物を5要素に割り当てた。
ギリシャ医学では4体液説だが、中国では5体液説であった。
また血液はすべて心臓の支配下にあり、絶えず循環し、留まることがないと認識していた。


 Meridian of “Huangdi Neijing” 

< 4.   Meridian of “Huangdi Neijing” 

Moreover, there is the 12 principal meridians in body, and life energy ( Qi ) circulates through this course.
It presupposed that health can be maintained by keeping this circulation normal, and the sickness is treated by giving acupuncture and moxibustion.
Moreover, it presupposed the sickness was divided into two, one of it depended on external factor such as wind, chill, dryness, humidity, and other depended on inner factor of joy, pathos, anger, fear, etc.

また体内には12本の経脈と支脈といえる無数の絡脈があり、気はこの経路を循環する。この経路を正常に保つことによって健康が保持できるとし、ここに鍼灸を施すことによって治療するとした。
また、病気は二つに分けられ、風・寒気・乾燥・湿気などの外的影響によるものと、喜び・哀しみ・怒り・恐れなどの内的影響によるとした。


 Zhang Zhongling 

< 5.  Zhang Zhongling >

The oldest clinical medical book “Shanghan Lun”
This book was written by Zhang Zhongling of good doctor at the end of the Han dynasty, and was a monument that told the birth of experience medicine.
He was called Hippocrates.
In a preface, he wrote his families had died in large quantities in a short term and 70 percent of it was “Shanghan”, and indicated the motive of writing the book.
He systematically explained the treatment of “Shanghan” from the onset of a disease to the death, and medical treatment was explained mainly by medicines only, but the etiology was not explained.

最古の臨床医学書「傷寒論」
後漢時代の名医・張仲景によって著されたこの本は、経験医学の誕生を告げる記念碑であり、彼はヒポクラテスと並び称された。
序文で、彼の一族が短期間に大量死し、その7割が傷寒の病とし、本を書く動機を書いている。
傷寒(腸チフスを含む急性熱病)の治療を発病から死亡まで系統的に述べ、治療は薬物が中心で病因論には触れていない。
彼は臨床医としても優れ、広く各医家の長所を吸収し、経験と知識を統合し独創的な治療法を試みた。




20140619

History of sickness and medical art 27:  China 2

 Medical treatment scene of doctor Bian que 

< 1. Medical treatment scene of doctor Bian que >

This time, I look at the change of medicine through the activity of the doctor.

今回は、医者の活躍を通して医術の変遷を見ます。



Capital's remain of Yin dynasty 

< 2.  Capital's remain of Yin dynasty >

Doctor

In the entire world, the medical treatment by fortune telling or prayer was in the mainstream in ancient times.
Similarly, medicine man (witch doctor) was most valued in the royal palace of Yin that occurred in the 16th century B.C.
However, a portent of experience medicine was seen also in Yin dynasty, and, in Western Zhou Dynasty in the 8th-11th century B.C., the tendency further was progressing more.

医 師

どこの世界でも、古くは占いや祈祷による治療が中心であったが、前16世紀に始まる殷・周時代の王宮でも巫医(ふい)が最重視されていた。
しかしその殷王朝でも経験医学の萌芽が見られ、前11~前8世紀の西周ともなると、その傾向はさらに進んだ。


Duke of Zhou is a Prime Minster of Yin dynasty and seemed to have written ”Rites of Zhou”

 3.  Duke of Zhou is a Prime Minster of Yin dynasty and seemed to have written ”Rites of Zhou”

According to ”Rites of Zhou” in which the administrative organization of Western Zhou Dynasty is described, there was a medical special department that separated from magic and religion.
It included the disease prevention, the treatment, the management about medicine and medical appliances, and the accountancy.
The ranking of medical person was indicated in that order: the doctor (he collected medicine and superintended inferior doctors), food doctor (he prescribed food and drink), internist, surgeon, and veterinarian.
The doctor had been classified by the results and was obliged to report his failure or his success as the judgment data.
In the middle of next chun qiu Zhan guo shi dai (end of the 8th-3rd century B.C.), the change appeared furthermore.
As we had looked a famous physician of the King of Qin last time, doctors like Bian Que (the 5th century B.C.) came to play an active part among many thinkers (Hundred Schools of Thought) that went around feudal lords of each country.

西周の行政組織が記されている「周礼」(前3世紀頃)によると、呪術や宗教から分離した医療専門部署があり、病気予防、治療、薬剤と医療器具管理、会計事務が設置されていた。
その治療を担当する医師には医博士(薬を集め、医師を監督)、食医(食物と飲料を処方)、医師、傷医(外科医)、獣医の順で記載されていた。
医師は成績により格付けされ、その判断資料として、失敗成功の報告が義務づけられていた。
続く春秋戦国時代(前8~3世紀末)の中期になるとさらに変化が現れた。
前回に見た秦王の侍医医爰は傑出していたが、諸侯の間を遊説して渡り歩く諸子百家に混じって遍歴医、扁鵲(へんじゃく、前5世紀)などが活躍するようになる。


a relief engraving(hua xiang shi) in the 2nd century A.D. showed Bian Que carrying out acupuncture.

< 4. a relief engraving(hua xiang shi) in the 2nd century A.D. showed Bian Que carrying out acupuncture. >

The bird expresses the doctor, and his name means the magpie of a wise bird.
He visited main five countries of those days.
He was skillful at pulse diagnosis and also was excellent in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, five senses (eye, ear, nose, mouth, and tongue), acupuncture and moxibustion.
He was dealt with in “Records of the Grand Historian”, and it was written that he cured the diseases of from feudal lords till common people of each country.
In his words, there was “there are six cureless sickness", and one of that was " a person believes pythoness and does not believe medical art."
This shows a firm belief in medical art of those days, and it shares similarity with Hippocrates of Greece of the same period.
However, the experience medicine did not replace magic medicine.
In the preceding paragraph story of the famous physician of the King of Qin last time, the King was divined by pythoness as “King was cursed as that king had killed two men by his hand, therefore he must die.”

扁鵲は鳥で表現されているが、名前の鵲は賢い鳥のカササギを意味している。
この扁鵲は、当時の主要5ヶ国を巡り、東西両端の地を訪れた。
彼は脈診が巧みで、内科、外科、婦人科、小児科、目・耳・鼻・口・舌の五感、鍼灸科の医術全般にわたって優れていた。
後の淳于意(ジュンウイ)と共に「史記・列伝」(前1世紀)に取り上げられおり、各地の王侯・官吏から庶民までを治療した事が書かれている。
扁鵲の言葉に、「病気には六つの不治が有り」、その一つに「巫女を信じて医を信じない」がある。
これは当時の医術への確信を示しており、ギリシャの同時代人ヒッポクラテスに通じる。
しかし経験医学が呪術に取って代わったわけではない。
前述の医爰逸話の前段階において、晋王は巫によって占われており、「自らの手で二人の大夫を殺害した祟りであり、・・・、帝の死は避けられない。」と宣告されていた。


 “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants 

< 5.  “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants >

Sickness

The sick classification was hardly based on cause of disease, but was based on "proof” of the condition or pulse diagnosis.
Therefore, the ancient name of disease is uncertain.
As for the oldest specialized book of materia medica, there is “Shennong Ben Cao Jing”(the 1st century B.C.).
The disease names being written in this book covered 170 different types including jaundice, malignant tumor, cold, etc.
And it explained each disease of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and dentistry.

病 気

病気の分類はほとんど病因によらず、もっぱら症状や脈診による「証」によった。
したがって古代の病名は判然としない。
最古の薬物学の専門書に「神農本草経」(前1世紀、後漢以降の編纂)がある。
ここに出てくる病気は黄疸、悪性腫瘍、風邪などを含む170種に及び、内科・外科・婦人科・眼科・耳鼻咽喉科・歯科の各疾患にわたっている。