20140623

The society and the information 32: information crosses the border 6


Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster

< 1.   Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster  

From this time, we look about the negative side of the information running over the world.
As we have already seen, when the information was true, human-rights abuse was stopped, and conflict was suppressed, and also democratization was possible by inspiring people.
However, if that information were distorted, what would have happened?
The news of Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster was typical example of manipulation of information, and the eeriness was remarkable.

今回より、世界を巡る情報がもたらす負の側面について見ていきます。
今まで見てきたように、その情報が真実であれば、人権侵害を食い止め、紛争を抑え、さらには国民を奮起させ民主化を可能にしました。
しかし、それらの情報が歪曲されていればどうなったでしょうか?
チェルノブイリ原発事故報道は情報操作の典型例であり、その不気味さが顕著です。


Pollution range

< 2.  Pollution range  

The outline of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster
In 1986, the nuclear power plant disaster of the worst level 7 (it is the same as the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster) happened in the Ukraine of the Soviet Union.
The origin of the accident was this: when conditions of low output power had occurred at the time of a stress test, because the operating staff was panicked by it, they canceled the safeguard and tried to return it normally.
However, the nuclear reaction adversely was runaway, and several seconds afterward, the reactor core melted down and exploded.
The accident cause depends on the test having been just carried out in a structural unstable condition (defect).
But also it may be said that it was not generated if the judgment and the handling of the control officer are right (it is always the same).

チェルノブイリ原発事故の概要
1986年、ソ連のウクライナで最悪のレベル7(福島原発事故と同じ)の原発事故が起こった。
切っ掛けは、ストレステスト時に予想外の低出力状態になり、運転員がそれに慌てて安全装置を解除して平常に戻そうとしたことによる。
しかし逆に核反応が暴走し、数秒後に炉心が溶融し爆発した。
事故原因は、そのテストが構造上の不安定条件(欠陥)でちょうど行われたことによるが、運転の監督官の判断や対応が正しければ起こらなかったとも言える(いつも同じ)。


Worker after the nuclear power plant disaster

< 3.  Worker after the nuclear power plant disaster 
The burst size of the radioactive material was 400 times the atomic bomb of Hiroshima.
After one day, it arrived at Sweden on the wind, and was observed throughout the Northern Hemisphere after half a month.
At first, the Soviet Union government did not respond to the situation seriously, and concealed the accident at home and abroad.
Therefore, with being defenseless, a lot of persons that had been sent to fire fighting or restoration work got heavily bombed.

放射性物質の放出量は広島の原爆の400倍で、1日後には風に乗ってスウエーデンに届き、半月後には北半球全域で観測された。
ソ連政府は、当初、事態を深刻に受け止めず、国内外に事故を秘匿した。
為に、消火活動や復旧工事に大量の人を送り込んだが、彼らは無防備で大量被爆することになった


changes in thyroid disease person of neighboring country Belarus

4.  changes in thyroid disease person of neighboring country Belarus, yellow = adult,  blue = young man, red= child, vertical axis = number of patient /100000 people >

The clear damage were 33 worker's deaths at the first stage, people's migration of 130,000, and the pollution area of 130,000.
However, a large number of the diseases and the deceased persons that were doubted of radiation exposure increased rapidly afterwards among the associated workers or the local inhabitants.
It is assumed that the deceased persons by the accident are from several hundred to hundreds of thousands of people.
But, because the causal relationship cannot be proved, the formal announcement is nothing (it is always the same).

明確な被害は、初期に対応した33名の死亡、13万人の移住、汚染地域13万k㎡でした。
しかしその後も関連した作業者、地域住民から多数の死者や放射線被曝を疑われる病気が急増した。
事故による死者は数百から数十万人が想定されているが、因果関係を証明することが出来ず、正式な発表には至っていない(いつも同じ)。


newspaper report

< 5.  newspaper report >

How would the world report it?
Originally, although the truth should have been reported, the reports were written with respective strong speculation.
For the Soviet Union, the accident was the biggest catastrophe.
This nuclear reactor was an independent developmental technique, and also government management.
The world was in the middle of the U.S. and Russia Cold War.
Moreover, many European and American advanced nations were promoting the nuclear power plant industry, and nuclear power plant industry had grown in greatness.
Once, a prominent American nuclear reactor scholar repeated theoretical calculation, and concluded, "A nuclear power plant disaster is lower than the probability that a meteorite will fall to Yankee Stadium."

Next time, I look at the reports in East and West.

世界はどのように報道したのだろうか?
本来、真実が報道されるべきでしょうが、それぞれに大きな思惑が働きました。
この事故はソ連にとって動天驚地の大惨事であり、この原子炉は自前の開発技術で、国営でもありました。
世界は米ソ冷戦の最中でもありました。
また多くの欧米先進国は原発を推進しており、原発産業は巨大化していました。
かつて米国の著名な原子炉学者は理論的な確率計算を積み重ね「原発事故はヤンキースタジアムに隕石が落ちる確率よりも低い」と結論づけていました。

次回から、東西の報道を見ていきます。




20140621

A spring of Awaji Island: Awaji Yumebutai3

 Hundred step garden 

< 1.  Hundred step garden >

This time, we look down the whole from elevated hill.
今回は、高台から全体を見下ろします。


A panoramic view of Awaji Yumebutai  

< 2.  A panoramic view of Awaji Yumebutai  >
A red frame is the place having taken the photo.
赤枠が今回の撮影地点です。


a view from the rooftop terrace

< 3.  a view from the rooftop terrace 
Upper fig.: the right is the hotel, and the beach of the shell is located just on the underside.
If it isn’t dim, Osaka and Wakayama are visible beyond Osaka Bay.
Lower fig.: a garden and a fountain are in the rooftop terrace. 

上図: 右側がホテル、下が貝の浜。霞んでいなければ大阪湾の向こうに大阪、和歌山が見える。
下図: 屋上の庭園、噴水。


Hundred step garden

< 4.  Hundred step garden  >
Upper fig.:  the flowers of around the world are blooming in the hundred step garden.
Akashi Kaikyo National Government Park is seen beyond it.
Lower fig.: The long artificial waterfall is seen at the front.
The flowing water is maintaining a fixed rhythm, and falls down the stairs.

上図: 百段苑には世界中の花が咲き誇る。その向こうに淡路島国営明石海峡公園が見える。
下図: 手前に人口の滝が見える。水は一定のリズムを保ち、階段を流れ落ちて行く。


 I looked down the hotel from a top of Hundred step garden 

< 5.  I looked down the hotel from a top of Hundred step garden  >

The roof of the Green house is seen at the lower right 

< 6.  The roof of the Green house is seen at the lower right >
The other side of the sea is a cityscape of Kobe and Mt. Rokko.
This time, although I don’t introduce it, Akashi Kaikyo National Government Park and the Green house are also wonderful.

Introducing about Awaji Yumebutai is last now.

海の向こうは神戸の街並みと六甲山。
今回、紹介していませんが海峡公園と温室の植物館も素晴らしいです。

これで淡路夢舞台の紹介を終わります。














20140619

History of sickness and medical art 27:  China 2

 Medical treatment scene of doctor Bian que 

< 1. Medical treatment scene of doctor Bian que >

This time, I look at the change of medicine through the activity of the doctor.

今回は、医者の活躍を通して医術の変遷を見ます。



Capital's remain of Yin dynasty 

< 2.  Capital's remain of Yin dynasty >

Doctor

In the entire world, the medical treatment by fortune telling or prayer was in the mainstream in ancient times.
Similarly, medicine man (witch doctor) was most valued in the royal palace of Yin that occurred in the 16th century B.C.
However, a portent of experience medicine was seen also in Yin dynasty, and, in Western Zhou Dynasty in the 8th-11th century B.C., the tendency further was progressing more.

医 師

どこの世界でも、古くは占いや祈祷による治療が中心であったが、前16世紀に始まる殷・周時代の王宮でも巫医(ふい)が最重視されていた。
しかしその殷王朝でも経験医学の萌芽が見られ、前11~前8世紀の西周ともなると、その傾向はさらに進んだ。


Duke of Zhou is a Prime Minster of Yin dynasty and seemed to have written ”Rites of Zhou”

 3.  Duke of Zhou is a Prime Minster of Yin dynasty and seemed to have written ”Rites of Zhou”

According to ”Rites of Zhou” in which the administrative organization of Western Zhou Dynasty is described, there was a medical special department that separated from magic and religion.
It included the disease prevention, the treatment, the management about medicine and medical appliances, and the accountancy.
The ranking of medical person was indicated in that order: the doctor (he collected medicine and superintended inferior doctors), food doctor (he prescribed food and drink), internist, surgeon, and veterinarian.
The doctor had been classified by the results and was obliged to report his failure or his success as the judgment data.
In the middle of next chun qiu Zhan guo shi dai (end of the 8th-3rd century B.C.), the change appeared furthermore.
As we had looked a famous physician of the King of Qin last time, doctors like Bian Que (the 5th century B.C.) came to play an active part among many thinkers (Hundred Schools of Thought) that went around feudal lords of each country.

西周の行政組織が記されている「周礼」(前3世紀頃)によると、呪術や宗教から分離した医療専門部署があり、病気予防、治療、薬剤と医療器具管理、会計事務が設置されていた。
その治療を担当する医師には医博士(薬を集め、医師を監督)、食医(食物と飲料を処方)、医師、傷医(外科医)、獣医の順で記載されていた。
医師は成績により格付けされ、その判断資料として、失敗成功の報告が義務づけられていた。
続く春秋戦国時代(前8~3世紀末)の中期になるとさらに変化が現れた。
前回に見た秦王の侍医医爰は傑出していたが、諸侯の間を遊説して渡り歩く諸子百家に混じって遍歴医、扁鵲(へんじゃく、前5世紀)などが活躍するようになる。


a relief engraving(hua xiang shi) in the 2nd century A.D. showed Bian Que carrying out acupuncture.

< 4. a relief engraving(hua xiang shi) in the 2nd century A.D. showed Bian Que carrying out acupuncture. >

The bird expresses the doctor, and his name means the magpie of a wise bird.
He visited main five countries of those days.
He was skillful at pulse diagnosis and also was excellent in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, five senses (eye, ear, nose, mouth, and tongue), acupuncture and moxibustion.
He was dealt with in “Records of the Grand Historian”, and it was written that he cured the diseases of from feudal lords till common people of each country.
In his words, there was “there are six cureless sickness", and one of that was " a person believes pythoness and does not believe medical art."
This shows a firm belief in medical art of those days, and it shares similarity with Hippocrates of Greece of the same period.
However, the experience medicine did not replace magic medicine.
In the preceding paragraph story of the famous physician of the King of Qin last time, the King was divined by pythoness as “King was cursed as that king had killed two men by his hand, therefore he must die.”

扁鵲は鳥で表現されているが、名前の鵲は賢い鳥のカササギを意味している。
この扁鵲は、当時の主要5ヶ国を巡り、東西両端の地を訪れた。
彼は脈診が巧みで、内科、外科、婦人科、小児科、目・耳・鼻・口・舌の五感、鍼灸科の医術全般にわたって優れていた。
後の淳于意(ジュンウイ)と共に「史記・列伝」(前1世紀)に取り上げられおり、各地の王侯・官吏から庶民までを治療した事が書かれている。
扁鵲の言葉に、「病気には六つの不治が有り」、その一つに「巫女を信じて医を信じない」がある。
これは当時の医術への確信を示しており、ギリシャの同時代人ヒッポクラテスに通じる。
しかし経験医学が呪術に取って代わったわけではない。
前述の医爰逸話の前段階において、晋王は巫によって占われており、「自らの手で二人の大夫を殺害した祟りであり、・・・、帝の死は避けられない。」と宣告されていた。


 “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants 

< 5.  “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants >

Sickness

The sick classification was hardly based on cause of disease, but was based on "proof” of the condition or pulse diagnosis.
Therefore, the ancient name of disease is uncertain.
As for the oldest specialized book of materia medica, there is “Shennong Ben Cao Jing”(the 1st century B.C.).
The disease names being written in this book covered 170 different types including jaundice, malignant tumor, cold, etc.
And it explained each disease of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and dentistry.

病 気

病気の分類はほとんど病因によらず、もっぱら症状や脈診による「証」によった。
したがって古代の病名は判然としない。
最古の薬物学の専門書に「神農本草経」(前1世紀、後漢以降の編纂)がある。
ここに出てくる病気は黄疸、悪性腫瘍、風邪などを含む170種に及び、内科・外科・婦人科・眼科・耳鼻咽喉科・歯科の各疾患にわたっている。



20140617

Travel to turkey 7:  Ancient city Konya in a plateau

 Mevlana museum from oneself, and Selimiye Camii 

< 1.  Mevlana museum from oneself, and Selimiye Camii >

I introduce an ancient city of the Anatolia plateau today.
Because it is an altitude of 1016 m, it gets cool in an evening even if the sunshine in the end of May is severe.
The city prospered in the capital of Turkish Empire in the 11-13 centuries, and 1 million people live now here.

There is Mevlana Museum in the center of Konya.
This museum was the head temple of Mevlana religious community whose believers are wearing a cone cap and a white skirt, and dancing continuously.
It dispersed 90 years ago and became the religious community's museum now.

今日は、アナトリア高原の古都を紹介します。
標高1016mにあるため、5月末の陽差しは厳しくても夕刻には涼しくなる。
ここは11~13世紀にトルコ帝国の首都で栄え、現在は百万人が暮らす。

コンヤの中心部にメヴラーナ博物館がある。
この博物館は、円錐帽を被り白いスカートで旋回し続ける舞踊で有名なメヴラーナ教団の総本山だった。
90年前に解散し、現在は教団の博物館になっている。


Mevlana museum 

< 2.  Mevlana museum >
The steeple of blue tile is beautiful.
青いタイルの尖り屋根が美しい。


Mevlana museum

< 3.   Mevlana museum  >
The left gate is an entrance of museum and mausoleum.
左の入口を入ると霊廟で博物館になっている。


the Grave is in the site of Mevlana museum 

< 4.  the Grave is in the site of Mevlana museum >
Two stone slabs stand on the both ends of lying gravestone.
A conic hat is formed in one side.

横たわる墓石の両端から2枚の石板が立っている。
その一方には円錐の帽が形作られている。


Ince Minare Medresesi(sculpture Museum), the 13th century 

< 5.  Ince Minare Medresesi(sculpture Museum), the 13th century >
We only looked on the exterior appearance, but the gate and the pinnacle were wonderful.
Left fig.:  the gate was finely engraved with the words of the Koran.
Right fig.:  the upper part of the pinnacle had collapsed by thunder, but the tiled patterns were beautiful.

ここは外観しか見なかったのですが、門と尖塔が素晴らしかった。
左図は門で、コーランの字句が綺麗に彫刻されている。
右図は尖塔で、上部が雷で崩壊しているが、タイル模様が美しい。

People in Konya

< 6.  People in Konya    >
Child’s smiling face is wonderful.
子供の笑顔がすばらしい。


cityscape of Konya

< 7.  cityscape of Konya >
Upper left fig.:  houses of the central part.
Upper right fig.:  a park of hill having dark green in the central part.
Lower fig.: new residential area in the suburbs. I looked down from my hotel.
On the way, unlike old-style rural landscape that I had been watching from window of the bus, the landscape was a developing Turkey in here.
When I entered a supermarket on the way, there were abundant products.
And I bought some soup stocks.


左上図: 中心部の街並み。
右上図: 中心部にある緑濃い丘の公園。
下図: 郊外の新興住宅地。ホテルから見下ろす。
途中、バスの車窓から見た昔ながらの田園風景とは異なり、ここには発展するトルコがありました。
途中、スーパーに入りましたが、商品は豊富で、スープの素などを買いました。


Turkish picture-painted dish, and my hotel in Konya

< 8.  Turkish picture-painted dish, and my hotel in Konya  >
I liked picture-painted dishes of this simple floral design and would buy it later.
この素朴な花柄の絵皿を気に入り、後に買うことになりました。




20140615

A spring of Awaji Island: Awaji Yumebutai 2

 The Westin Awaji Island

< 1. The Westin Awaji Island >

This time, I introduce the world of architect Tadao Ando.

今回は、建築家安藤忠雄氏の世界を堪能します。


 A panoramic view of Awaji Yumebutai 

< 2.   A panoramic view of Awaji Yumebutai >
A red frame is the place having taken the photo.
赤枠が今回の撮影地点です。

Originally this ground was the wasteland that construction sand had been extracted from.
Planner made it the park that is full of nature blending in with the surrounding green and a flower.
Furthermore, a greenhouse plant garden, an international conference hall, a hotel, an open-air theater, some restaurants, and shopping area were also held.
Although the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake hit this region just before its groundbreaking, at the moment, many people are visiting through the year. 
Mr. Tadao Ando performed the whole idea and architectural design.
It is a very unique large park.

この地は、元々は建設用土砂が採取された荒れ地でした。
それを緑と花に彩られた自然豊かな公園にしたのです。
さらに温室植物園、国際会議場、ホテル、野外劇場、レストランとショッピング街も併設されました。
着工直前に阪神・淡路大震災に見舞われましたが、現在、年中多くの人が訪れています。
この全体構想と建築設計は安藤忠雄氏が行いました。
実にユニークな大公園です。


 the beach of the shell 

< 3.  the beach of the shell >
The bottom of the beach is covered with 1 million shells of scallop.
Various fountains in this large beach start to dance on each place.

水の底には100万枚の帆立貝の貝殻が敷き詰められている。
広いこの浜の到る所から噴水が踊り出します。


A fountain and garden tree

< 4.  A fountain and garden tree >


a view of the greenhouse side from the beach of the shell

< 5.  a view of the greenhouse side from the beach of the shell >
The greenhouse of the front is “ the Miracle Planet Museum of Plants".
正面の温室は「奇蹟の星の植物館」です。


restaurants and shopping area 

< 6.  restaurants and shopping area >
The circumference of the oval yard of upper photo is a restaurant area.

上図の楕円形ヤードの周囲がレストラン街になっています。

water, sky and concrete 

< 7.  water, sky and concrete >
The cylindrical space consists of a spiral, white, black, and blue.

Next time, I look down from heights.

螺旋、白と青、黒が織りなす円筒の空間です。

次回は、高台から見下ろします。





20140614

Go around the world of Buddha statues 18:  the birth of Buddha statues 5

I write about the process that Buddha statue was born in India.

インドで仏像が誕生した経緯をまとめます。


Priest king statue and female clay doll, Moenjo-Daro, 2600-1900 B.C.

< 1.  Priest king statue and female clay doll, Moenjo-Daro, 2600-1900 B.C.

From the oldest iconography in India
The above statures are things of Indus civilization, and the female doll resembles slightly the clay doll of Patna Museum (right-side in Fig. 6 of this series 17).
The priest king statue has greatly deformed eyes, but let you feel dignity.
The image expression was already possible at that time.

インド最古の図像から
上図共にインダス文明のもので、女性土偶は、前回見たパトナの土偶(17話の図6の右端)に少し似ている。
神官王像は目が大きくデフォルメされてはいるが、威厳を感じさせる。
既に像表現は可能だった。



< 2.  a posture of yoga >

Left fig.:  a seal of Indus civilization in 2600-1900 B.C., a person performing yoga is being surrounded by sacred animals.
Right fig.:  Buddha triad statue in the 2nd century.  The posture of Buddha sitting down and meditating seems to have roots in Indus civilization.

左図: インダス文明の印章、紀元前2600~1900年、神聖な動物に囲まれ、ヨーガを行っている人物が描かれている。
右図: 仏三尊像、後2世紀、仏陀が座り、瞑想する行為の原点はインダス文明まで遡るようです。


 lion statue of a pillar of King Asoka in Sarnath, 250 B.C.

< 3.  lion statue of a pillar of King Asoka in Sarnath, 250 B.C. >

Although the power of expression of this statue was wonderful, these expressions of statue, construction and letter were a big blank in between Indus civilization collapse and this time.
After this time, relief engraving of King Asoka or native divine statues (Yaksi etc.) came to be made.

この動物像の表現力は素晴らしいが、インダス文明崩壊からこの時代まで、彫像や建築、文字において大きな空白があった。
この時代以降、アショーカ王の浮き彫りや土着の神像(ヤクシーなど)などは造られるようになった。

Summary

In the 3rd century B.C., King Asoka built epitaphs, king’s pillars, and stupas (Buddhism) in various parts of India, in order to encourage "law" (morality, religion).
Centering on these stupas, a trend to worship as God to Buddha who died at hundreds years ago was born (Mahayanist Buddhism).
On the other hand, a religious sect that strictly conformed to religious precepts of Buddha and searched the doctrine had separated from the people (Hinayana Buddhism).


まとめ
3世紀、アショーカ王はインド各地に「法」(道徳、宗教)を奨励するために碑文、王柱、ストゥーパ(仏教)を造った。
このストゥーパを中心に、数百年前に死んだ仏陀を、一修行者・覚者としてではなく、神として崇拝する風潮が生まれた(大乗仏教)。
一方、仏陀の戒律を守り、その教義を探求していた教派は民衆から離れていった(小乗仏教)。


a story of Buddha in a gate of a stupa in Sanchi

< 4.   a story of Buddha in a gate of a stupa in Sanchi >

Upper fig.:  a linden tree of the left corner shows Buddha.
Lower fig.:  the scene shows that he rode a horse and went out left-side royal palace when Buddha was a prince. 50-25 B.C.

Before long, the relief engraving that explains a life of Buddha, miracles, and a doctrine was dedicated around these stupas.
However, people symbolized it with Buddha's foot and linden tree without first expressing Buddha.
Probably, people hesitated to express worshiped Buddha with a poor image.
Moreover, Buddha itself did not desire to be deified probably.


上図: 左隅の菩提樹が仏陀を示している。
下図: 釈迦王子が左の王宮から馬に乗って出家するシーン、馬上に釈迦は描かれていない。前50~25年頃

やがて仏陀の生涯、奇蹟、教義を説明する仏伝浮き彫りがストゥーパの回りに奉献された。
しかし、最初、仏陀を人物で表現せず、仏足や菩提樹で象徴していた。
おそらく人々は、崇拝する仏陀を粗末な像として表現することをためらったのだろう。
また仏陀自身も、神格化されることを望まなかっただろう。


Letter hadn't yet spread at that time, and many people couldn't read the sacred book of Buddhism and the story of Buddha.
Hereby, Buddha statue would also play important role for spreading Buddhism.
Before long, the produce of Buddha sculpture in the round began from relief engraving.
In Gandhara, the culture was affected by Greece, a resistance of the hesitation was few and the Greek style was adopted.
On the other hand, in Mathura, it was strong, and then Buddha statues were made by way of bodhisattva at first.
Gandhara and Mathura have influenced mutually, therefore it isn’t important which made Buddha statue in first.
Aryan Veda culture and native cultures had fused, and Greek culture of the westward stimulated it, and then Buddha statue was born.
By the degree of these influences, the difference between the both birthplaces arose.



当時、文字がまだ普及しておらず、多くの人は仏伝や経典を文字で読みことはなかった。
このことも仏像が仏教普及に重要な役割を果たすことになった。
やがて仏伝浮き彫りから、丸彫りの仏陀が造られ始めた。
ガンダーラではギリシャ文化の影響を受け、その抵抗は少なく、ギリシャ様式も取り入れられた。
一方マトゥラーでは、その抵抗が強く、仏陀を菩薩と称して造り始めた。
ガンダーラとマトゥラーは相互に影響し合ったのであって、どちらが先に仏像を造ったかは重要ではない。
アーリア人のヴェーダー文化と土着の文化が融合し、さらに西方のギリシャ文化が刺激となって仏像が生まれたと言える。
これらの影響度合いで、両発祥地での仏像様式に違いが生じた。


gold coin

< 5.  gold coin

Upper fig.:  gold coin of King Kanishka in the 1st - 2nd century, left shows King Kanishka, right shows Buddha.
Lower fig.:  Hindu's Shiva and a bull in about the 2nd century.
The Brahmanism was stimulated by the Buddhism prosperity, and absorbed the beliefs among the natives, and the statues of Hindu god were made.

Next time, I investigate relations between Buddha statue in India and statues of god of the world.

上図: カニシカ王発行の金貨、表(左)にはカニシカ王、裏(右)には仏陀、後1~2世紀。
下図: ヒンドゥーのシバ神と牡牛、おそらく後2世紀。
バラモン教は、当時の仏教隆盛に刺激され、土俗信仰を吸収し、ヒンドゥー神像を造るようになっていた。

次回は、インドの仏像と世界の神像との関わりを見ます。