20131220

History of sickness and medical art 16: Ancient Israel 2

 Jesus turns merchants out of the shrine.

< Jesus turns merchants out of the shrine. >

We watch ancient medical art of Israel from now on.
First, let's see some descriptions of the doctor in the Bible.

これから古代イスラエルの医術を見ていきます。
最初に、聖書にある医者の記述を見てみましょう。


Construction of the second shrine

< Construction of the second shrine >

A. “And in the thirty and ninth year of his reign Asa was diseased in his feet; his disease was exceeding great: yet in his disease he sought not to Jehovah, but to the physicians.”
“And Asa slept with his fathers, and died in the one and fortieth year of his reign.”
2Chron 16:12,13
Although this describes the king of the Judah kingdom in 868 BC, it was edited in the 4th century BC.

A.「アサはその治世第三十九年に足の病にかかり、その病は極めて重かった。その病の中にあっても、彼は主を求めず、医者に頼った。」
 アサはその治世第四十一年に先祖と共に眠りにつき、死んだ。
歴代誌下、16章、12と13節
これは前868年のユダ王国の王を述べているが、編纂されたのは前4世紀です。


Alexandria library: an academic city that Alexander the Great built 

< Alexandria library: an academic city that Alexander the Great built >

B. “Honor a physician according to your need of him with the honors due to him:
For verily the Lord has created him.”
“The skill of the physician shall lift up his head; And in the sight of great men he shall be admired.”
Sirach 38:1,3
This was edited at the end of the 2th century BC.

B.「医者をその仕事のゆえに敬え。主が医者を造られたのだから。」
 医者はその博識によって高い身分を与えられ、/権勢ある人々の前で驚嘆される。」 
シラ書、38章、1と3節
これは前2世紀末に編纂された。

C. “And Jesus having heard [it] says to them, they that are strong have not need of a physician, but those who are ill. I have not come to call righteous [men], but sinners.”
Mark 2:17

C.「イエスはこれを聞いて言われた。『医者を必要とするのは、丈夫な人ではなく病人である。わたしが来たのは、正しい人を招くためではなく、罪人を招くためである。』」 
マルコの福音書、2章、17節


the Roma forces destroyed Jerusalem

< the Roma forces destroyed Jerusalem >

I chose the above sentences among ten books of the bible that included descriptions of the doctor, along chronological order of establishment.
In the Old Testament, the doctor was positioned in the low rank than God.
In A, the person who ignored God paid the penalty, but in B, the position of the doctor improved.
In other section of the New Testament, although there were the complaints about not being cured by the doctor, in C, it is recognized that the doctor is the healer of the sick person.
The doctor in Egypt and Mesopotamia also was ranked lower than the flamen .
In this way, the recognition to "the sickness and the doctor" seems to have changed during about 400 years.

The established time of these books was tumultuous time for the people of Judea.
Time of A:  the people were released from the Babylonian captivity, and returned to Jerusalem.
Then they rebuilt the shrine, and were riding high for the reconstruction.
Time of B: After invasion of Alexander the Great, while the people had been subject to Greek civilization (Hellenism), they gained the independence of Palestine to aim at racial self-determination.
Time of C: After an internal fighting, division of small country occurred, and the Roman Empire ruled it.
Judaism was preserved, but had become emasculation.
Jesus lived in this time.


医者の記述がある聖書の10書から、成立年代順に選びました。
旧約において、医者は神より下位に位置づけられていた。
Aでは神を無視した者は報いを受けましたが、Bでは医者の立場が向上している。
新約の他の節において、医者によって治らない苦情は記されているが、Cで、医者は病人の治療者であることが認識されている。
エジプトやメソポタミでも医者は神官より下位だった。
このように、約400年に間に、「病と医者」への認識は変化したように思える。

この聖書の成立時期は、ユダヤの民にとって激動の時期でした。
Aの時期: 人々はバビロンの捕囚から解放され、エルサレムに戻り、神殿を再建し、復興の意気盛んな時代でした。
Bの時期: アレクサンドロス大王の侵略後、ギリシャ文明(ヘレニズム)の影響を受ける中で、民族自決を目指しパレスチナの独立を勝ち取った時代でした。
Cの時期: 内乱、小国分裂の後、ローマ帝国が支配し、ユダヤ教は温存され形骸化していた。イエスはこの時代を生きた。












20131218

Introduction of an overseas blog: Wonderful tone


Today, I introduce the background music of the video because it was splendid.
There was a melancholy violin performance in the overseas blog.
The nationality is unidentified, but is Eastern Europe or western Asia.


今日は、ビデオのバックミュージックが素晴らしいので紹介します
海外のブログに、哀愁のこもったバイオリン演奏がありました。
国籍は不明ですが、東欧かアジア西部のブログです。



KASPI NEWS

20131216

Travel to South Korean 5: Persons whom we met. First part

A night of Daegu, Metro Center area

< A night of Daegu, Metro Center area
When my wife and I had been strolling around towns, I introduce persons who helped us friendly.
Our travel became wonderful and pleasant by their favors.
Since we live in an island country, we seem to believe easily a rumor without realizing.


夫婦で町歩き中、助けてくれた人、親切な人との出会いを紹介します。
おかげで素晴らしく、楽しい旅行になりました。
私達は、島国なので、知らず知らずのうちに悪い噂に囚われ易い。


the person gave directions us. 

< the person gave directions us. >
Persons whom we met in Daegu
My wife and I have begun to stroll around the town of Daegu at night.
When my wife had been opening a map, there was a person who talked softly to her in fluent Japanese.
The person is a man wearing a red jumper in the photo.       
My wife asked him, "Is there any downtown that you recommend?"
He gave the directions to the destination as he was consulting with his friends.
I asked him, "Why are your Japanese language very good?"
He answered, "I learned in a Japanese-language school in South Korea."



大邱で出会った人々
夫婦で大邱の夜の街を散策し始めた。
妻が地図を開いていると、流暢な日本語で話かけてくる人がいた。
その人は写真中、赤いジャンパーを着ている男性です。
妻は「どこかお薦めの繁華街はないですか」と聞いた。
彼は、仲間と相談しながら、歩いていける目的地までの道順を教えてくれた。
私は彼に「なぜ日本語が上手なのか」と聞くと、「韓国の日本語学校で勉強した」と答えた。


underground shopping center of the metro center 

< underground shopping center of the metro center >

 a store of paper craft in the underground shopping center

< a store of paper craft in the underground shopping center 
We arrived at big underground shopping center.
This area doesn't seem to be a place where overseas tourist comes.
My wife entered a shop of slightly eccentric goods.
Then a storekeeper talked softly to her in Japanese.
The storekeeper is woman showing a back in the photo.
She explained that she almost had made the exhibits only from paper.
Because she had been working busily, we listened to some explanation and left there.


私達は、大きな地下街に辿りついた。
そこは海外旅行者が来るようなところではないようだ。
妻が、少し変わった工芸品の店に入った。
すると店主が日本語で語りかけて来た。
それは写真中、背中を見せている女性です。
その陳列品は、彼女が紙で作ったものだと説明してくれた。
忙しく作業をしておられたので、私達は、いくらか説明を聞いて、そこを去った。


When we return to our hotel on foot, my wife spoke to a boy who rode bicycle.
The boy stopped in surprise.
Wife asked him in childish English, "Where is the present place in this map?"
The boy looked at the map together with my wife.
Although we didn't understand well after all, we only had taken up the boy’s time at cold night.


ホテルへ徒歩で帰る途中、妻が自転車に乗っている少年に声をかけた。
少年は、怪訝そうな表情ながら、立ち止まってくれた。
妻が幼稚な英語で「今の場所はこの地図で何処ですか?」と訪ねた。
少年は、妻と一緒に地図を見てくれた。
結局、よく分からなかったが、寒く夜遅い時間に手間をとらせてしまった。


 Wonderful morning of Daegu

< Wonderful morning of Daegu
The high building of the center in the photograph is the neighborhood of Metro Center that we strolled around yesterday.

写真中央の高い建物が昨日散策したメトロセンターの辺りです。


At first night of a travel destination, we could meet persons who got interested in Japan, learned Japanese, and dealt kindly by us.
Some uneasiness turned into joy and expectation.

Next time, I introduce persons whom I met in Seoul.


旅先の最初の夜に、私達は日本に関心を持ち、日本語を勉強し、親切にしてくれる人に出会えた。
いくばくかの不安は、うれしさと期待に変わった。


次回はソウルで出会った人々を紹介します。













20131213

Go around the world of Buddha statues 6: Buddha statue of a fearful face


fig.1, Varjrapani(Shitukongoushin): Hokkedo D, Todai temple, Nara period, the 8th century, clay, national treasure 

< fig.1, Varjrapani(Shitukongoushin): Hokkedo D, Todai temple, Nara period, the 8th century, clay, national treasure >


I introduced the typical things of various Japanese Buddha statues in installments.
This times, I chose from the Deva (Tenbu) that was the guardian deity of Buddhism.

The kinds of the Buddha statue are innumerable, but it are classed in 5 groups, Tathagata(Nyorai), Bodhisattva(Bosatsu), Wisdom King, Deva, high priest.
Tathagata and Bodhisattva who are main Buddha statues were already introduced.
The Deva (Tenbu) means the ancient Indian gods that took refuge in the Buddha for protecting the Buddhism.

Although the appearance of Buddha statues had been written in the sacred books that were created in India, it was ambiguous.
Therefore sculptor specializing in Buddha statues would create them by responding to the demand of the times along with relying on the tradition.

Because Mahayana Buddhism continued being a state religion in Japan, the Buddha statue expression that began with foreign imitation developed independently from the original style
Those Buddha statues became godly or daunting statues, and realistic or surprising images and then became diversified.



数回に分けて、日本の多様な仏像から代表的なものを紹介します。
今回は、守護神である天部から選びました。

仏像の種類は無数だが、如来、菩薩、明王、天部、羅漢・十大弟子・高僧の5種類に別れる。
中心的な仏像である如来と菩薩は既に紹介しました。
天部は仏教を護るために帰依した古代インドの神々を指します。

仏像はインドで生まれた経典に出てくるが、その容姿は不明瞭です。
そこで仏師は伝統を生かしながらも時代の要望に合わせて創作することになる。

日本では大乗仏教が国教であり続けたので、外来の模倣から始まった仏像表現は独自に発展を遂げます。
それらの仏像はこうごうしい像から威圧するような像まで、また写実的なものから意表を突くものまで千変万化となった。


fig.2, a bird's-eye view of Todai Temple in Nara: the placement of each temple was described in it. 
< fig.2, a bird's-eye view of Todai Temple in Nara: the placement of each temple was described in it. >
This is the large Buddhist temple that was built in order that the Emperor might protect the nation by Buddhism.
The foundation was the 8th century, but it was destroyed by a fire in the war and a natural disaster several times.


これは天皇が仏教によって国を鎮護するために建造した大伽藍です。
創建は8世紀ですが、数度の天災と兵火によって破壊された。


fig.3, the inside of Hokkedo D in Todai temple 
< fig.3, the inside of Hokkedo D in Todai temple >

Daibutuden A: There is the Great Buddha of a famous national treasure.
Kaidando B: There is Koumokuten(fig.6) of Four Heavenly Kings.
Nandaimon C: There is Konngourikishi(fig.7).
Hokkedo D: there is a big bodhisattva of the principal image in the center, and small Bodhisattvas at each side of it. Wisdom King and many different varieties of Deva surround it. There is Shitukonngoushin (fig.1) and Four Heavenly Kings in the Deva.


大仏殿A:有名な国宝の大仏(如来座像)がある。
戒壇堂B:四天王の広目天(図6)がある。
南大門C:金剛力士(図9)がある。
法華堂D:中央に本尊の千手観菩薩、その脇に日光・月光菩薩、さらに2体の金剛力士、外側に2体の四天王が見える。その奥に不動明王、地蔵菩薩、図1の執金剛神、梵天、帝釈天、四天王がある。菩薩と明王以外が天部です。


Four Heavenly Kings
This is arranged in four directions with one set surrounding the principal image in the center of a hall.
These are guardian god of east, west, south, and north, and consist of Jikokuten, Koumokuten, Zoucyouten, and Tamonten.
Those statues put on armor of China style, are trampling a devil, three statues have weapon in the hand, and the body color is distinguished by 4 colors.


四天王
これは堂内で本尊を中心に四方に4体一組で配される。
これらは東西南北を護る神で、持国天、広目天、増長天、多聞天からなる。
それらの姿は中国風の鎧を着け、邪鬼を踏みつけ、身色は四色で区別され、3体は手に武器をもっている。


 fig.4, from left, Jikokuten, Zoucyouten
< fig.4, from left, Jikokuten, Zoucyouten >

fig.5, from left, Koumokuten, Tamonten: Kaijyusen temple, Kyoto, Kamakura period, wood, H.38cm, important cultural properties
< fig.5, from left, Koumokuten, Tamonten: Kaijyusen temple, Kyoto, Kamakura period, wood, H.38cm, important cultural properties >
This is considered to be faithful imitation of the Four Heavenly Kings of the Daibutuden A in Todai temple that was burned once, as the cutdown version. 

これは創建時、東大寺大仏殿にあり焼失した四天王像の忠実な模造と考えられている(縮小版として、写真は手から武器が外されている)。


fig.6, Koumokuten: Kaidando B, Todai temple, the 8th century, clay, H.160cm, national treasure 
< fig.6, Koumokuten: Kaidando B, Todai temple, the 8th century, clay, H.160cm, national treasure >
Koumokuten has power to foresee the world and protects Buddhism and people.
So, it is staring into the distance in sharp eyes, and it has an ink brush and a scroll.

広目天はこの世を見通す力を持ち、仏教と人々を護る。
それゆえ、この像は鋭い眼光で睨み、筆と巻物を持っている。


fig.7, Jikokuten: To temple, Kyoto, Heian period, the 9th century, wood, H.190cm, national treasure 
< fig.7, Jikokuten: To temple, Kyoto, Heian period, the 9th century, wood, H.190cm, national treasure >
This plays the role supporting a nation and has weapons in both hands.

これは国を支える役割を担い、両手に武器を持つ。


fig.8, Bishamonten: Shizuoka, Kamakura period, the 12th century, wood, H.150cm, important cultural properties
< fig.8, Bishamonten: Shizuoka, Kamakura period, the 12th century, wood, H.150cm, important cultural properties >
Later, only Bishamonten(Tamonten) was believed as the god of the military prowess or the amulet, by military commander and people.
This is an early statue of Unkei who was a sculptor specializing in Buddha statues.
He proposed new direction unlike the raging face of a traditional expression.
It was originated in Kubera god that was the lord of wealth and the regent of the north in Hindu mythology.

毘沙門天(多聞天)は武勇や魔除けの神として、後に単独で武将や民衆に広く信仰された。
これは運慶の初期の作品で、開かれたばかりの鎌倉幕府の命で作ったものです。
彼は、それまでの憤怒相とは異なる新機軸を打ち出している。
もともとはインド神話の財宝と北方を守護する神クベーラに由来する。

Kongorikishi( Nio )
When a matched pair of statues stands at both sides of the gate of a temple, most of it is Kongorikishi.
This god beats the enemy with a powerful weapon and crushes even the worldly desires of the believer.

金剛力士(仁王)
お寺の門の両側でにらみを効かしている左右二体の像はほとんどが金剛力士です。
これは強力な武器を持って、敵を打ち破り、信者の煩悩さえも粉砕する神です。


 fig.9, Agyo statue of Kongorikishi: NandaimonC, Kamakura period, the 13th century, wood, H.840cm, national treasure 
fig.9, Agyo statue of Kongorikishi: NandaimonC, Kamakura period, the 13th century, wood, H.840cm, national treasure >
This is a statue that Unkei reproduced after it had been burned.
Its dynamism increases in comparison with Shitukongoushin(fig.1) in Hokkedo D.

これは運慶が焼失した東大寺の仏像制作を総指揮した時の作品です。
もともと法華堂の図1の執金剛神に見られるように憤怒相、筋骨隆々とした姿で表されていたのですが、さらにその迫力は増しています。




20131209

Travel to South Korean 4:  Pleasant meal

 1 a restaurant of Samgyeopsal 

  a restaurant of Samgyeopsal 
The greatest pleasure in the trip to Korea is a meal.
In particular, side dishes attached to main menu, such as Kimchi(Korean pickle) or Namul (seasoned vegetable dishes), are good.


韓国旅行での一番の楽しみは食事です。
特にメインメニューに添えられるキムチ、ナムルなどのおかずが良い。

2 a dinner of Samgyeopsal(meat has not yet come) 

  a dinner of Samgyeopsal(meat has not yet come) 
This menu roasts the ribs of pig with the griddle.
The meat was nice and the side dishes were also delicious.

サムギョプサルは豚のバラ肉を鉄板で焼いて食べる料理です。
肉も旨かったが、添えられているおかずも美味しかった。

3 Signboards of the restaurant 

  Signboards of the restaurant 
The restaurant was located in the center of Daegu and was full of local people.

店は大邱(テグ)の中心部にあり、地元の人で賑わっていた。

4 a breakfast of Tarokuppa

  a breakfast of Tarokuppa  
This menu is local dishes of Daegu, and this Kuppa is separate boiled rice, and meat and vegetable soup.
Though it was weekdays, youths who had stayed up all night in this restaurant had breakfast.
 
タロクッパは大邱の郷土料理で、このクッパはご飯と肉・野菜スープが別れている。
平日なのに、店には徹夜した若者達が朝食を取っていた。

4B the restaurant of Tarokuppa 

 B the restaurant of Tarokuppa  
There was the restaurant in the suburbs of Daegu.

店は大邱の郊外にあった。

5 a lunch of Andong Jiimdak

  a lunch of Andong Jiimdak 
Andong Jiimdak of local dish is chicken, vegetables, and thin noodles boiling with soy sauce and sugar.
Four persons had eaten dish of a big plate, and because there was much quantity, everyone left it.
The restaurant was near Andong Hahoe folk village.


安東チムタクはこの地方の郷土料理で、鶏肉と野菜、細い麺の甘辛煮です。
大きな皿を4人で食べるのですが、量が沢山あったので残した。
これも旨かった。
店は安東河回村の近くだった。

6 a dinner of Bulgogi containing mushroom 

  a dinner of Bulgogi containing mushroom >
This pan is beef, vegetables, and vermicelli boiling with soy sauce.
These Side Dishes (dried seaweed, Kimchi, food boiled down in soy sauce, Namul, etc.) were full of delicacies and everyone wanted to have seconds.
The restaurant was located at the foot of Mt. Seoraksan.

このプルコギは牛肉、野菜、春雨の醤油ベースの鍋です。
おかず(海苔、キムチ、佃煮、ナムルなど)が珍味揃いで、皆でお代わりをした。
このためメインの鍋料理の味は、印象が薄くなってしまった。
店は雪岳山の麓にあった。


7 a lunch of Dolsot Bibimbap 

  a lunch of Dolsot Bibimbap 
This is a staple dish in Korea.

石焼きビビンバは韓国料理の定番です。

7B  the restaurant of Dolsot Bibimbap

 B  the restaurant of Dolsot Bibimbap 
The restaurant in Seoul was full in the group of Japanese tourists.

店はソウル市内で、日本人観光客の団体で一杯でした。

8 a dinner of Haemul Jeongol(seafood pan)

  a dinner of Haemul Jeongol(seafood pan) 
This was the most delicious among the seafood pan that I ate so far.
This restaurant was full in the group of Japanese tourists, too.

海鮮寄せ鍋は、今まで食べた中で一番旨かった。
この店も、日本人観光客の団体で一杯でした。

9 Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market 

  Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market 
I and wife went to Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market in Soul to have a meal.
There were more than 700 stores selling fish and shellfish in the market.
We had bought a fish and some shellfishes, and we got it cooked in a dining room of the second floor (the photograph left hand).

私は、ソウルにある鷺梁津水産市場(ノリャンジン)へ食事に行きました。
巨大な市場には700以上の魚介類の店が並んでいる。
私達は、ここで買った魚と貝を2階(写真左手)の食堂で調理してもらった。

10 stores in the market

 10 stores in the market 

11、12 the dish of the dining room 

11、12 the dish of the dining room 

 1112 the dish of the dining room 
I ordered the sliced raw fish “Sashimi”, and the roasted shellfishes.
The dining room used the remaining materials as the pan.
People of the stores did not understand what I said, but we ate delectably and were satisfied with relating to the local persons.


私は、魚を刺身、貝を焼くように頼んだ。
食堂は残りの材料を鍋にしてくれた。
言葉が通じなかったが、食べて満足した。現地の人と触れ合いながら味わうことが出来た。