20130423

Birth of primitive art 15 : What did precede the primitive art ? part1


  Blombos Cave in South Africa

< Blombos Cave in South Africa. A cave entrance is right-hand mountain side.  modern human beings lived 100,000 years ago. 

Till last time, we looked at the primitive fine arts since 35000 years ago in the world.
Didn't human beings make fine arts during 5 million?
This time, I will approach this mystery.


前回まで、35000年前以降の世界の原初美術を見て来ました。


それ以前の500万年の間、人類は美術を作らなかったのでしょうか。

今回は、この謎に迫ります。



The oldest figure 

< The oldest figure >
Fig. A, the figure was found in Israel, was made of a red stone between 700000 and 230000 years ago, and was 4 cm in height.

Fig. B, the figure was found in Morocco, was made of a quartz between 500000 and 300000 years ago, and was 6 cm in height. 
Red ocher had adhered to the surface.
Both are considered that primitive man made.

Ages ago, primitive man on the way of evolution was performing fine arts creation.

Aはイスラエルで見つかった23~70万年前の高さ4cmの赤い岩製人物像です。
Bはモロッコで見つかった30~50万年前の高さ6cmの石英製人物像です。その表面に赤いオーカーが付着していた。
両方共、原人が作ったと考えられる。

遙か昔、現世人類への進化途上の原人が美術創作を行っていたのです。


The oldest painting in Africa 

< The oldest painting in Africa >
This painting found at the Apollo 11 cave in Namibia is estimated to date from approximately 25,000–27,000 years ago. It is an animal figure drawn on the slate.

At the south end of Africa, the creation was performed nearly in parallel to the Europe glacial epoch fine arts.

これはナミビアのアポロ11洞窟で見つかった約25000~27000年前の動物図です。

アフリカ南端で、ヨーロッパ氷河期美術とほぼ並行して創作が行われていたのです。


something like fine arts  

< something like fine arts  >
Fig. A are the oldest bead made of many shells between 140000 and 100000 years ago, and were found in the cave in Israel.

Fig. B is an ocher found at Blombos Cave in South Africa. On its surface was the straight line pattern engraved, and it was made 75000 years ago.
In the cave where modern human beings were living, 8000 pieces and 12 sharpened crayons of ocher were found.
There were also brown and yellow colors of ocher, but the red was the most.
Ocher with the oldest used marks was found in Zambia in Africa, and was thing of 250,000 years ago.
Fig. C is a plate was found at Neanderthal ruins in Hungary, it was made of ivory at 250000 years ago. Red ocher had adhered to the surface.
It is considered that people was using at the ceremony over a long period of time.

What does the appearance of the bead, the plate, and the ocher mean?
This is concerned with "what is fine art?" deeply

The answer will be concerned with the relation of red color of ocher and human beings.


Aはイスラエルの洞窟(Skhūl,で見つかった10~14万年前の最古の貝殻製ビーズです。
Bは南アフリカのブロンボスで見つかった75000年以上前の直線模様が刻まれたオーカー(黄土)の一つです。この現世人類が生活していた洞窟からは8千点のオーカーと先端を尖らせたクレヨンが12本見つかった。オーカーの色は黄色と茶色もあったが、赤が最も多かった。
最も古い使用痕のあるオーカーはアフリカのザンビアで見つかり、25万年前のものです。
Cはハンガリーのネアンデルタール人遺跡(タタ)で見つかった象牙製プレートで、赤いオーカーが塗られていた。これは入念に作られ、長期間繰り返し儀式などに使われたと推測される。

このビーズやプレート、オーカーの出現は何を意味するのでしょうか?
これは「美術とは何か」と深く関わっています。

オーカーの赤色と人類の関わりにその答えがありそうです。


Burial and red color

< Burial and red color >

Fig.A is two small children's burial at 27000 years ago in Austria. Many red ochers was scattered there.   
In burial of Cro-Magnon after 37000 years ago, accessories attached to the dead and ocher was scattered on it.
Although Neanderthal was burying after 70,000 years ago, the dead that was painted with red pigments is seen in various area of Europe.
Ocher was used also with many pictures in every area of the earth.
Fig.B is the inner room of an ancient tomb in Japan at 5th century, and it is also painted in red.
This red was made from mercury and sulfur.

Since time began, the red color had an important meaning in every corner of the earth.

Next time, I want to explain this meaning.

Aはオーストリアで見つかった27000年前の幼児2体の埋葬で、赤いオーカーが撒かれている。37000年前以降のクロマニヨン人の埋葬では、死者はオーカーが撒かれていることがある。ネアンデルタール人は7万年前以降、埋葬を行っていたが、赤色顔料を塗った遺体がヨーロッパ各地で見られる。世界各地の絵画にもオーカーは使用されていた。

Bは5世紀、日本の亀山古墳の墓室も赤く塗られていた。この赤は水銀と硫黄から作られた。

遙か昔から世界各地で赤色は重要な意味を持っていた。

次回、この意味を説き明かしたいと思います。



20130420

New fables of Aesop 4 : pigeon and hawk


 pigeon

Once upon a time, two islands were floating on a north sea.
The pigeon had lived on one island, and the hawk had lived on the other island.

遙か昔、北の海に二つの島が浮かんでいました。
一つの島にはハトが、他方にはタカが暮らしていました。


 island

In a certain year, because it snowed most early, nuts and small animals decreased dramatically.
The hawk was troubled by famine, and then became attacking the pigeon of the neighboring island.

その年は雪が早く降って木の実が少なく、リスなどの小動物が激減した。
タカ達は餌に困り、隣の島のハトを襲うようになりました。


hawk

The pigeon also was also troubled by hunger.
Since pigeon’s fellows became to be attacked by the hawk, they gathered to discuss by all members.

“ Even if we fight, never get a chance of victory. We have hidden in holes, and must wait till good time. ”
Many of birds with a family have thought so.

“ An attack is the greatest defense. We should fight bravely all together. “
When a young man spoke like it, the place soon filled with extraordinary excitement.
Anybody was not able to propose other opinion, and then the pre-emptive strike was decided.

“ We cannot survive by hiding or battling. Once, we have seen the bird dancing in the southward sky in the distance. We should leave toward south far. “
Some birds have felt sure of it.


ハト達も飢えに苦しんでいました。
仲間が襲われるようになったので、皆で話し合いました。

戦っても勝算はない。穴に隠れて時の過ぎるのを待つべきだ。」
家族を持つ者達の多くはそう思っていました。

「攻撃は最大の防御である。皆で団結し勇敢に戦うべきだ。」
若者が発言すると、やがてその場はその熱情に沸き立って行きました
他の案は沈黙せざるを得ず、先制攻撃が決まりました。

「戦うことも隠れることも勝算はない。遠く南の空に舞う鳥を見ることがある。南を目指し旅立つべきだ。」
一部の者は、確信していました。


pigeon  flew

The day of execution came at last.

A group of the brave pigeons flew in early morning toward the island of hawk.
There was a group of the pigeon that flew toward southern sky a little late.

At last, the birds disappeared from both islands mostly.

Then, many years passed.

Migratory birds have come to visit the island of pigeon only in summer.
The birds that eat fish have only lived in the island of hawk.

The birds are the posterity of birds that escaped the battle and took another selection those days.



とうとう決行の日が訪れました。

勇敢なハトの一団は朝早く、タカの島を目指し飛び立ちました。
少し遅れて、南の空に向かって飛び立つハトの一団がありました。
ついに両方の島からほとんど鳥はいなくなりました。

それから月日は流れました。

ハトの島には渡り鳥が夏だけ飛来するようになりました。
タカの島では魚を食べる鳥だけが暮らすようになりました。

その鳥達は、当時、戦いを逃れて別の選択をしたものの子孫だったのです。


sea gull

Since family love and brotherly love blazes up, people become bravery, but reckless.
Probably, selection of battle evasion will be important although it is accompanied by courage and wisdom, difficulties.


家族愛、同胞愛は激しく燃え上がり、人を勇敢にもし、無謀にもします。
戦い回避の選択は智恵と勇気、苦労を伴うが、重要でしょう。





20130418



tulips

It is the latter part of Akashi Kaikyo National Goverment park was introduced last time.

This time, I also introduce the woods, trees and valley, and river in the park.

Since the cherry blossoms were falling at the time, I mainly introduce flowerbeds.


前回紹介した明石海峡公園の後編になります。

今回は森と木々、谷と川が織りなす景観も紹介します。

桜が散っていたので、やはり花壇が主になります。


tulips

The gradation of tulips is an extravagant spectacle.


チューリップのグラデーションとはなんと贅沢な光景でしょうか。


Akashi Kaikyo National Goverment park

It is nearly panoramic view of the park.

The central part in it is woods and valleys, and right-hand side is a pond and flowerbeds.

This is Ishikawa's photograph.


高台から見下ろした公園です。中央部は森と谷で、右側に池と花壇があります。これは石河氏の写真です。


livingston daisies

The valley where livingston daisies have bloomed has been surrounded by woods.


リビングストンデージーが咲く谷は森に囲まれている。


valley

When the cherry blossoms bloom, this valley is beautiful.


せせらぎがあるこの谷は桜が満開の時は趣があるのですが。


pink witch hazel

The pink witch hazel was full bloom.


ピンク色のマンサクが満開でした。


 tulip

This is a tulip of a big potted plant.

これは大きな鉢植えを撮ったものです。


Flowerbed

Flowerbeds spread out radiately on the gently-sloping slope.

In this way, I finished a refreshing day surrounded by wonderful flowers.


丘の上の白い建物からなだらかな斜面へ放射状に花壇が広がっています。

こうしてすばらしい花々に囲まれた爽快な半日は終わりました。





20130416

A park in Awaji Island :  Plenty of tulips in full bloom 1





flower,park


I went Akashi Kaikyo National Government Park in Awaji-Island on this April 14.

Various tulips had filled the vast park.

When the sun was strong, primary color brightness of flowers seethed from the circumference.

私はこの4月14日に淡路島の国営明石海峡公園に行ってきました。

色とりどりのチューリップが広大な公園を埋めつくしていました。

陽が差し込むと、原色の輝きが周囲から沸き立つようでした。


 flower, park

This park is a park of flowers and greens, and is embraced in the slope of mountain and seashore, and is 1.5 km in length, and 400 m in width.

Although it was cloudy unluckily, about 600,000 flowers were in glory just now.
Hundreds of kinds of tulips were playing "harmony of color."


この公園は山の斜面と海岸に抱かれた長さ約1.5km、巾400mの花と緑の公園です。

あいにく曇りがちでしたが、約60万株の花々が今を盛りに咲き誇っていました。

数百種類のチューリップが「色彩のハーモニー」を奏でていました。


 flower,park

Vivid color tulips are beautiful particularly.

鮮やかなチューリップはひときわ映える。


 flower,park

Various flowerbeds spread to full range of view, and Osaka Bay lies beyond it.

色とりどりの花壇が視界一杯に広がり、その向こうに大阪湾が見える。


flower,park

I am thrilled to the vividness of tulips.

チューリップの鮮やかさに息を呑む。


flower,park

It seems that followers are playing a symphony.

花々が交響曲を奏でているようだ。


flower,park

The yellow tulips had fluttered in the fresh wind.

黄色いチューリップが爽やかな風になびいていた。


flower,park

The official site of this park is here.

Always, the flowers are planted, and we can occasionally enjoy cherry trees, fresh greens, and autumnal leaves in the part of the forest.

I introduce the remainder next time.



ここは年中、花々が植栽されており、森林の部では桜、新緑、紅葉が折々に楽しめます。

次回は後半になります。





20130414

Birth of primitive art 14 : People who made first fine arts 3



Rock-Art、Four hunters and a leader、south-eastern Spain、8000 years ago 


< Rock-ArtFour hunters and a leadersouth-eastern Spain8000 years ago >

This time, the change that occurred in Cro-Magnons heart is evident from the burial and the fine arts.

I examine the thing that the change brought, and also the cause.

Last time, although we looked at the influence of their settlement, it is more important that rich contacts increased into the family or the group.
Influence good for child rearing must have come out first.
When they gathered together, they probably enjoyed a long talk like present-day hunter-gatherers.
This probably grew their intelligence, language, and their culture.
Probably, this is one of the reasons in which Neanderthal who used fire and had language functions (cerebral language field and throat structure) lost battles with Cro-Magnon.


 
今回は、クロマニヨン人の心に起きた変化を埋葬と美術から読み取ります。

その変化がもたらしたもの、さらに原因について考察します。

前回、定住の影響を見ましたが、さらに重要なのは、家族や集団に濃密な時間が増えたことです。先ず育児に良い影響が出たはずです。また現代の狩猟採集民のように、集えば長話を楽しんだことだろう。これは知能と言語を発達させ、文化発展を促しただろう。火を扱い言語機能(脳の言語野と喉構造)を有したネアンデルタール人が、クロマニヨン人との生存競争に負けた理由の一つがここにあるのだろう。




reconstruction of a burial, a ruins in Russia, 28000~20000 years ago



< reconstruction of a burial, a ruins in Russia, 28000~20000 years ago, by Don's Maps 

What happened to Cro-Magnons family?

A 13-year-old boy lies on the left of the figure, and an 8-year-old girl lies on the right.
They dressed with protections against the cold from head to tip of foot entirely.
Splendid spears made of ivory and the necklace of beads, etc. were added in large quantities.

This burial clarifies the difference between Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon.

Although Neanderthal also buried one person, they didn't bury small child or more than one person.
Cro-Magnon performed a burial of mother and child for the first time in the cave in Israel at 90,000 years ago.
After that, the burial examples such as two small children and three adults increased in Eurasia from 40,000 years ago.
They began to be strongly conscious of the bonds of mother and child, a family, and a group.
Probably, respecting for maternity added on prayer of fertility, and it led to Venus statue and next mother goddess worship.



クロマニヨン人の家族に何が起きたのか。

図の右に8歳の少女と左に13歳の少年が横たわっている。彼らは頭から足先まで防寒具を着せられ、象牙製の立派な槍やビーズのネックレスなどが大量に副葬されていた。

この埋葬にネアンデルタール人とクロマニヨン人と違いが明瞭に出ている。

ネアンデルタール人も埋葬を行っていたが幼児や複数葬はほとんどなかった。クロマニヨン人は9万年前のイスラエルのカフゼー洞窟で母子二体の埋葬を初めて行い、その後、幼児二体、成人三体などの組合せ例がユーラシアで4万年前以降増加する。彼らは母子や家族、集団の絆を強く意識し始めた。母性への敬いが豊穣への祈りに加わり、ビーナス像、後の地母神崇拝へと繋がったのだろう。


Originally, because hunter-gatherers have several problems in life with a lot of people, they dispersed easily. Similarly, they are hesitant to settle down.
Something that controls this minus feeling and advances must have happened in their heart.
Although advanced technology and intelligence were indispensable to adaptation to arctic cold, unless the bonds of family or group arose strongly, the epoch would not have happen.

But, gradually woman and magician are expressed carefully, and group behavior such as the hunting that was shown a prefatory picture came to be drawn in the last stage.
Furthermore, mother and child and the women who danced were also drawn.
On the other hand, drawing carefully game animals decreased.


元来、狩猟採集民は、大勢での生活は問題が多く離散しやすく、定住も同様に抵抗がある。この感情を抑制し前進させる何かが彼らの心に起こったはずである。極寒への適応には高度な技術と知能が不可欠だが、家族や集団を結びつける感情が強く沸き上がらないと画期は起こらなかった。

ヨーロッパの氷河期美術を概観すると、最初、人間、特に男は稚拙(丸に点)に描かれていた。しかし徐々に女性と魔術師が丁寧に表現され、末期には巻頭図のような狩りなどの集団行動が描かれるようになった。さらに母子や踊る女性達も描かれた。一方で狩猟動物を丁寧に描くことは減っていった。




Brain of modern humans, a red maker is group of neurons A10(VTA)



< Brain of modern humans, a red mark is group of neurons A10VTA)、by CMAJ >

What happened to Cro-Magnons brain?

Neurotransmitter dopamine is widely secreted from A10 for a long time in large quantities, especially to the frontal lobe.
Although neurotransmitters are tens of kinds, a dopamine is called a pleasure substance, and have a role to maintain a feeling of happiness and romantic feeling strongly.
A10 is like the big faucet that only human beings have.

The frontal lobe takes the central role on planning, conforming to a social norm, controlling feelings, and the consciousness is in it.
When dopamine is secreted into it, people continue to have strong motivation.
In this way, the epoch happened, didn’t it?

The background in which primitive fine arts arose in Europe was the interaction of global environment and human-beings evolution, and the interaction of their intelligence and the settlement in a group.
Furthermore the brain and the gene were deeply concerned with it.

Next time, we will look at some mystery of primitive fine arts.



脳に何が起きたのか?

A10から神経伝達物質ドーパミンが広範囲、特に前頭葉に大量かつ長時間分泌される。神経伝達物質は数十種類あるが、ドーパミンは快楽物質と呼ばれ、幸福感や恋愛感情を強く持続させる働きがある。このA10は人類だけが持っている大きな蛇口のようなものです。

前頭葉は、計画、社会規範遵守、感情抑制などの働きを担い、意識もここにあります。ここにドーパミンが分泌されると、長期的で強い動機付けが行われます。このようにして画期は起こったのでしょうね。

ヨーロッパで原初美術が誕生した背景には、地球環境と人類進化、集団による定住と知能の相互作用、さらに脳と遺伝子が深く関わっていたのです。


次回からは、まだ解明されていない原初美術の謎に迫ります。












20130412

Birth of primitive art 13 : People who made first fine arts 2



left side is modern human, right side is Neanderthal


< left side is modern human, right side is Neanderthalby ikipedia >

Last time, we looked at the situation in which human beings had gone into Europe.

Why did the Cro-Magnon begin first fine arts?

The reason is explored together with readers.


前回は現世人類がヨーロッパに進出した状況を見ました。

なぜクロマニヨン人が原初美術を始めたのだろうか?

その理由を読者と一緒に探ります。



 Tools of Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon in Europe is compared

<  Tools of Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon in Europe is compared. 

Fig. A shows the stone tool that Neanderthal made from 70000 to 50000 years ago. Figs. B and C show what the Cro-Magnon man made.
The stone tools were made from 20000 to 12000, and a harpoon was made of bone from 17000 to 11000 years ago.
The bone or horn implement rapidly developed since Cro-Magnon has appeared.

Stone tools of Cro-Magnon became sharp edged tool. These and spear thrower enabled them to do efficient hunting. Moreover, they made the extreme clothes that matched their body with sharp cutlery and thin needle. These enabled the lives of extreme cold.



Aはネアンデルタール人が70~50千年前に作った石器です。図BCはクロマニヨン人が作ったもので、石器は20~12千年前、骨角器の銛は17~11千年前のものです。骨角器はクロマニヨン人になってから急速に発達した。

クロマニヨン人の石器は精緻で鋭い刃物になっている。これらと槍投器が効率の良い狩猟を可能にした。また鋭い刃物と細い針で体に合う極寒服を作った。これらが極寒の生活を可能にした。

On the other hand, the reindeer and horse of the large animal traveled in large herds in this cold. They were waiting for them in a ravine etc. and they hunted them in a group.  Furthermore, extreme cold enabled preservation of a lot of meat. In this way, they became to settle down on ideal place one season in a group.

Which route does group of animals pass through?  Can a few mammoths be discovered?  
This was their big anxiety. Probably, when they were not able to predict, they wanted to depend on the prayer or the curse like indigenous people.

In this way, they worshipped the skull of game animal, and the mural painting of the animal.
A statue of lion man and several figure of magician suggest later idol worship.


一方、この寒さの中、大型のトナカイや馬が大群で移動していた。彼らは渓谷などでそれらを待ち伏せ, 集団で狩りをした。さらに極寒は大量の肉の保存を可能にした。こうして彼らは好適地に、集団で1シーズン定住を行うようになった。

動物の群れはどのルートを通るのか、数少ないマンモスを発見することが出来るのか、これは彼らの大きな懸念であった。彼らは予測出来ない時は、先住民と同様に祈りや呪いに託したのだろう。

こうして狩猟動物の頭骨や自ら描いた動物の壁画を拝んだのだろう。
ライオンマンの像や魔術師の図は、後の偶像崇拝を想わせる。


Comparison of the dwelling 

< Comparison of the dwelling >

Neanderthal made Fig. A, and Cro-Magnon made Figs. B and C.

Fig. A is an imaginary picture of a shelter at a ruin in France, is about 15 m in length, and was made about 400,000 years ago.
It was built standing trees to holes and fixing these with stones.
Although it is the first construction dwelling in Europe, the oldest dwelling at 1.8 million years ago is found in Africa, and was very small.

Fig. B shows the restoration of a dwelling at the ruins in Ukraine, is about 6 m in diameter, and about 18,000 years ago.
It was built assembling trees, covering with furs, using bones of the mammoth as a weight for these.

Fig. C is an imaginary picture of dwelling at Gonnersdorf ruin in Germany, is about 6 m in diameter, and was made about 15,000 years ago.
It was built assembling trees, and stretching furs of horse on its frame.
In it, there were a cooking device that made with bones of the mammoth, and a cooking hole.
They lived on several dwellings like this during winter months in a group.
Probably, except this period, they went in quest of game animal, and lived life on the move.


Aはネアンデルタール人が、図B,Cはクロマニヨン人が作った。

Aはフランスの遺跡にある避難所の想像図で、長さ約15m、約40万年前のものです。これは穴に木を立て石で固定し建てられた。これはヨーロッパで最初の築造住居跡ですが、アフリカでは180万年前の最古の小さな住居跡が見つかっている。

Bはウクライナのメジリチ遺跡の復元で、直径約6m、約18千年前のものです。木で枠組みし、毛皮で覆い、マンモスの骨を重しにした。

Cはドイツのゲナスドルフ遺跡の復元図で、直系約6m、約15千年前のものです。木で枠組みし、馬の皮を張って作られた。その中にはマンモスの骨を組んだ調理器と調理穴がある。この数棟に冬の数ヶ月間、集団で生活していた。この時期以外は狩猟動物を求めて移動生活をしていたのだろう。

Although the existence of a furnace was common in them, Figs. B and C were firm and adapted to extreme cold.
Originally, since hunter-gatherers move frequently, they carry neither a tool nor materials.
Therefore, a shelter becomes very simple as shown in Fig. A.

People that drew cave mural paintings lived in the entrance of cave and on rock shadow.
There, wind was interrupted, low tree have grown, and the water place was near.


炉の存在は共通するが、図B,Cは強固で極寒に適応している。元来、狩猟採集民は頻繁に移動するので、道具や資材を持ち運ばない。したがって図Aのように避難所は非常に簡便となる。

洞窟壁画を描いた人々は深い河谷にある洞窟の入口や岩陰で暮らした。そこは風が遮られ、低木も茂り、水場も近かった。

This settlement of a glacial epoch brought about fundamental changes to people.

They were able to been having Venus statues that were sculptured and made of clay near themselves.
The settlement by large group also became to enable the allocation of tasks, and entrust mural painting to skillful person.
These led to development of fine arts and technology.

Since they repeatedly have grouped together and have broken up, it promoted the exchange of knowledge and goods.

The acquisition range of stone tool spread from a few kilometers to a few hundred kilometers.

In this way, Cro-Magnon created the primitive fine arts in the extreme cold.

Next time, we will look at the important impact that the settlement caused further.


この氷河期の定住は、人々に変化をもたらした。

彼らは素焼きや彫刻のビーナス像を作って、身近に持つことを可能にした。集住は作業分担を可能にし、壁画を巧みな者に任すことにもなった。これらが美術や技術の発展につながった。繰り返す離散と集住は、知識や情報、物資の交換を促進した。石器材料の入手範囲は、それまでの数十kmから数百kmに広がった。

こうしてクロマニヨン人が氷雪の極寒の中、原初美術を生むことになった。

次回は、さらに定住が引き起こした重要なインパクトを探ります。