Showing posts with label Series: History of sickness and medical art. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Series: History of sickness and medical art. Show all posts

20140529

History of sickness and medical art 26: China 1

 Bronze ware, the 6th century B.C. 

< 1.  Bronze ware, the 6th century B.C. 

I look at the medical art of China in the first millennium B.C.
This time, I survey Chinese medical art of those days.

紀元前1千年紀頃の中国の医術を見ます。
今回は、当時の中国医学を概観します。



Terracotta Army in Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

< 2.  Terracotta Army in Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, the 3rd century B.C. >

The Chinese civilization began from a large number of city-states that was born in the Yellow River middle region.
The oldest dynasty is "Xia" in about 2070 B.C.
In the wake of the large conflict of “ Chun qiu Zhan guo shi dai”(770B.C.~221B.C.), Qin Dynasty accomplished first unification, then Han Dynasty (202B.C.~220A.D.) took it.
From these days, China was the supreme ruler of East Asia and was the most advanced civilized country.


中国文明は黄河中流域に誕生した多数の都市国家から始まりました。
最古の王朝は紀元前2070年頃の「夏」です。
春秋戦国時代(前770~前221年)の大争乱の果てに、秦帝国が統一を成し、それを漢(前202~後220年)が奪った。
この頃から、中国は東アジアの覇者であり、先進文明国であった。


Chinese drama "Confucius"

 3. Chinese drama "Confucius" 

For us, China was a great teacher and a cultural superpower that had abundant classics.
Although the birth of a character would be in about the 16th century B.C., it became popular for writing to a strip of wood card and a silk cloth.
The contents became various from about the 8th century, and it were written about a myth, poetry, the history, accounts of war, the thought, and the medical art.
Such as Confucius, the thinker's birth that began from about the 6th century B.C. became a landmark event of culture.


我々にとって中国は偉大な師匠であり、豊富な古典を有する文化大国でした。
文字の誕生は前16世紀頃ですが、普及したのは木の札や絹布に書かれるようになってからです。
その内容は前8世紀頃から多様になり、神話、詩歌、歴史、戦記、思想、医術も著された。
前6世紀頃から始まった、孔子などの諸子百家と呼ばれる思想家の誕生が文化の画期となった。


Chinese medicine drugstore street in Guangzhou 

< 4. Chinese medicine drugstore street in Guangzhou >

The old medical art of China is called Chinese medicine and is contributing by the drug and health management method still today.
It includes Chinese herb, massage, and a food therapy meaning that foods are medicines.
And especially acupuncture, moxa cautery, and a therapy by life energy are peculiar.
The medical art of China was tied to much God and black art in the first stage in common with other civilization.


中国の医術は漢方と呼ばれ、現在でも薬剤や健康法で貢献しています。
それには漢方薬、医食同源、按摩などがあり、特に鍼、灸、気は独特なものです。
中国の医術も他の文明と同様に初期は多くの神や呪術と結びついていました。
この特徴は、大陸の端にあって他文明から隔絶し、広大な地域に多数の民族がいたことにあるのでしょう。



< 5.  Inscriptions on bones and tortoise carapaces, the 13 –11th century B.C. >

I introduce two stories.
Policymaker uses the doctor who performs fortune-telling by a tortoise shell and bamboo sticks." (the 2nd century B.C.- the 2nd A.D.)

This sickness cannot get cured. The moxa cautery does not work because that it is located at the lower side of your heart and upper side of your diaphragm. And the acupuncture does not reach it. Medicines also do not work additionally.” (About the 4th century B.C. time)  

The former shows that they depended on treatment of witch doctor performing a fortune-telling and a prayer.
The latter shows that famous physician in ordinary to King of Qin was invited to Jin, and he diagnosed the King of Jin.
In those times, there was a doctor who won fame by medicine.
He had known three kinds of cures and diagnosed for medical problem.

I look at how the empirical science-like medical art including the magical factor has changed, from the first millennium B.C. to the 3rd century A.D.


二つの話を紹介します。
「為政者、亀甲と筮竹(ぜいちく)による占いをたのみ、好みて巫医(ふい)を用いる。」(管子より、紀元前後に集成)

「この病気は治療できない、横隔膜の上、心臓下部の下は灸治もできず、刺鍼も届かず、さらに、薬も効きません。」(左伝より、紀元前4世紀頃に集成)

前者は、占いや祈祷を行う巫(みこ)の治療に頼っていたことを示す。
後者は、前6世紀末、有名な秦王の侍医・医爰(イエン)が晋に招かれて王を診断し、既に手遅れと述べたところです。
この時、王は自ら病が絶望的であると指摘されたにもかかわらず、その診断の確かさを褒めた。
この時代、医術で名声を博した医者がおり、内科的な病に対して診断を行い、3種類の治療法を有していたことがわかる。

このように呪術と経験科学的な医術が、紀元前1千年から紀元3世紀頃までにどのように変化していったかを見ます。



20140415

History of sickness and medical art 25: India 5

 Yoga

< 1.  Yoga 

This time, I introduce Yoga and summarize the medical art of ancient India, end it.

今回、ヨーガを説明し、まとめを行い、古代インドの医術を終わります。

Yoga

Yoga is known as a thing increasing health enhancement now.
On the other hand, deity statue performing Zen (meditation) around the world will be only Buddha statue.
Long history is concerned with this.

ヨーガ
現在、ヨーガは健康増進を図るものとして知られています。
一方、世界の神像で座禅(瞑想)しているものは仏像だけでしょう。
これには長い歴史が関わっています。


 a seal of Indus civilization: a Yoga ascetic sits while wearing a crown of horn 

< 2.  a seal of Indus civilization: a Yoga ascetic sits while wearing a crown of horn >

The oldest image that is sitting is in the seal of Indus civilization.
The oldest description about Yoga was in an Upanishad of about the fourth century B.C.
Following sentence teaches an ascetic training of Yoga.
"Recognize Atman of an absolute hiding in depth of our existence by introspectiveness"
In India, it was idealized that people had been absorbed quietly in meditation under forest tree from time immemorial (ashrama).
Caraka sanhita that became medical knowledge of Buddha makes reference to yoga a lot.

座禅をしている最古の図はインダス文明の印章にあります。
ヨーガの最古の記述は紀元前4世紀頃のウパニシャドにあります。
「我々の存在の奥底にひそむ絶対者アートマンを内観によって認識せよ!」
とヨーガの修行を教えています。
インドでは、古くから森林樹下において静座瞑想に耽ることは理想とされてきた(四住期)。
釈迦の医学知識になったチャラカ・サンヒター(医学書)もヨーガについて多く触れています。

Bhagavad Gita is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, and a sacred text of the Hindus.

< 3. Bhagavad Gita is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, and a sacred text of the Hindus. >

Yoga developed in the first millennium B.C. as the religious self-training method (enlightenment or nirvana) or moral culture, and Buddhism took in it.
The system of the Yoga was completed at about the fourth century, and at about the twelfth century, mystical yoga was born and adopted physical movement.
This spreads now all over the world.

ヨーガは、紀元前一千年紀に宗教的な修行法(悟り、解脱)や精神修養として発展し、仏教にも取り入れられた。
紀元4世紀頃に、ヨーガの体系が完成し、12世紀頃、神秘主義的なヨーガが誕生し、身体的な動きを取り入れた。
これが現在世界中に普及している。


Alexander the Great : a scene of the movie 

< 4.  Alexander the Great : a scene of the movie  >

Ancient medical system of India advanced

Emperor Ashoka built hospital for people in the third century B.C.
In Europe, similar thing is built in the fourth century.
When a Greek doctor was not able to cure a soldier who was bitten by a snake, Alexander the Great commanded Indian doctor to cure him.
The medical treatment was successful, and Alexander the Great who was impressed with it employed Indian doctors in his army.

Summary

The characteristic of the medical art in India seemed to attach importance to more the cure for a patient than the etiology.
New doctors escaped from religious bondage, and participated actively in the cure.
As seen in Yoga, there was an Indian culture that attached importance to the cultivation of mind, and this affected religion, medical art, and health care.

From next time, I introduce ancient medical art of China.


古代インドの医療体制や医術は進んでいた
紀元前3世紀のアショーカ王は人々の為に病院を建設していた。
同様のものはヨーロッパにおいて4世紀以降になる。
アレキサンダー大王は、蛇に咬まれた兵士をギリシャ人医師が治療出来なかったとき、インド人医師に見てもらえと、命じた。
その治療は成功し、感銘を受けた王はインド人医師らを軍隊に雇い入れ従軍させた。

まとめ
インド医術の特徴は、病因論よりも患者を治すことに重き置いたように思える。
新興の医師達が宗教のしがらみから抜け出し活躍していた。
ヨーガで見たように精神統御を重視する文化があり、これが宗教や医術、健康管理に影響を与えた。

次回から、古代中国の医術を見ます。





20140330

History of sickness and medical art 24: India 4

Buddha 

< 1. Buddha >

How did Buddha who participated actively around the 6th century B.C. face the illness?
We will see new breath in it.

紀元前6世紀頃に活躍した釈迦は病とどのように向きあったのか?
そこには新しい息吹が見える。

About Buddha of the day
Brahmanism that was mainstream of the day was mainly role to provide offering and ceremony for God.
Buddha who wanted new path to the salvation preached the teachings along with doing communal living with many pupils and traveling over villages.
This priest group involved the participation of all classes, man and woman.
They didn't work, accepted charity, didn't have goods, and lived equal and simple life.
Acceding to the rule that Buddha decided was a single condition that the members can belong to the group.
During several hundred years, the pupils had carried on the tradition of these rules, and then these became the Scripture being calling Vinaya-Pitaka.


当時の釈迦について
当時、主流であったバラモン教は神への帰依-供物と儀式―が中心であった。
新しい救い求めた釈迦は、多くの弟子と共に集団生活をしながら村々を巡り、教えを説いた。
この出家者集団は、あらゆる階層、男女が参加し、働かず、乞食(こつじき)し、財を持たない質素で平等の生活を行った。
釈迦が決めた規則を守ることが、集団に帰属出来る唯一の条件だった。
この規則が、弟子達に数百年の間、口頭伝承され、教典となったのが律蔵です。


Turmeric: medicines and curry powder 


< 2.  Turmeric: medicines and curry powder >

From Vinaya-Pitaka, below are an extract and a summary.

A priest suffered from a sickness. Everybody nursed him, but he didn't recover. He went to a slaughterhouse of pig, and ate the uncooked meat and drank the blood. His disease thereby recovered. Buddha said, “ I forgive the sick person for eating uncooked the meat and drinking the blood.””

“ I allow use of roots-root of turmeric, ginger, and iris, etc.- as medicines. Although these are appetizing and add a flavor, healthy person must not eat it. You will commit a crime, if you eat them though these are not necessary.”

“ Ananda, because I am out of condition, I want to drink a purgative. Ananda consulted Jivaka. The doctor ordered Ananda that he must paint fats the body of Buddha for a few days, and then the doctor gave him a light purgative. The doctor said to Buddha that you should refrain from liquid meal until you completely recovered. And Buddha recovered.”

Buddha knew the medical art of the time, and applied it actively.
He hadn't the idea of the sickness that was caused by the violation of taboo or the punishment by God.
In addition, he was a friend with skilled physician Jivaka.


律蔵から当時の様子が覗える。抜粋・要約です。

「ある出家者は非人病を患った。色々、皆が彼を看病したけれども直らなかった。彼は豚の屠殺場に往き、生肉を食べ、血を飲んだ。それによって彼の病気は和らいだ。釈迦は言った、『私は、非人の病気には、生肉やその血の食用を許す』」

「私は医薬として根類(ウコン、生姜、菖蒲の根等)の使用を許す。これらは食欲をそそり風味を添えるが、それを健康な者が食べてはならない。もし必要もないのに食べるなら罪を犯すことになる。」

「アーナンダーよ、私は不調なので下剤を飲みたい。アーナンダーは、ジーヴァカに相談した。その医者は釈迦の体に数日間脂肪を塗りなさいと指示し、軽い下剤を与えた。医者は釈迦に、完全に回復するまで、流動食を控えた方が良いと言った。そして回復した。」

釈迦は、当時の進んだ医術を知っており、積極的に取り入れた。
彼には、病はタブー違反や神罰によると言う観念はなかった。
また名医ジーヴァカと親交があったことがわかる。


Map 

< 3.  Map  >

Taxila ruins, after the 6th century B.C. 

< 4.  Taxila ruins, after the 6th century B.C. >

About legendary doctor Jivaka.
He was a skilled physician that participated actively in the capital of Magadha country, cured the king and was also Buddha's court physician.
Although he was of low birth, he become a pupil of a doctor in Taxila, learned the medical art of Caraka samhita, and then he went back.
Why did he go to the far-off Gandharan capital?
At the time, Gandhara in the northwest was under the influence of the Persia civilization.
On the other hand, he probably thought that learning of new medical art was difficult in Magadha country where Brahmanism's ideology had permeated in.  


伝説の医者ジーヴァカについて
彼はマガタ国の首都で活躍した名医で、王の治療にもあたり、釈迦の侍医でもあった。
彼の出自は低かったが、タキシラの医師に弟子入りし、チャラカ・サンヒター医学を学んで帰国した。
彼はなぜ遠いガンダーラの首都に行ったのか。
当時、西北にあるガンダーラはペルシャ文明の影響下にあった。
一方、バラモンのイデオロギーが浸透しているマガタ国では、新しい医術の修得は困難だと彼は考えたのだろう。




20140318

History of sickness and medical art 23: India 3

Caraka was a famous ancient doctor 

< 1.  Caraka was a famous ancient doctor >

I look at the activity of doctors and the medical groups.

医者や医学派の活躍を見ます。


Two red points show Taxila and Varanasi

< 2.  Two red points show Taxila and Varanasi

Appearance of the doctor


Ayurveda includes two major medical books of Caraka samhita and Susruta samhita.
This title originates in each doctor's name.
Caraka was a court physician of Kanishka King of the 2nd century B.C.
Susruta was a surgeon of several centuries B.C.
These medical books came into existence after the 3rd century A.D., but the schools of medical thought that brought about those had been born around the 6th century B.C.
The school of medical thought of Caraca was active in Taxila of Pakistan(Gandhara), and it of Susruta was active in Varanasi(a holy place of Hinduism and Buddhism).
The former adopted the medical treatment and the latter had also adopted surgery treatment.



医者の出現
アーユル・ベーダに二大医書のチャラカ・サンヒターとスシュルタ・サンヒターがある。
この書名は医者の名に由来し、チャラカは2世紀のカニシカ王の侍医、スシュルタは紀元数世紀の外科医です。
これら医学書が成立したのは紀元後3世紀以降ですが、それらを生みだした医学派は紀元前6世紀頃から存在しており、その知見が集成されたものです。
チャラカの学派はパキスタンのタキシラ(ガンダーラ)、スシュルタの学派は東インドのベナレス(ヒンドゥー教・仏教の聖地)を中心に活躍した。
前者は内科療法、後者は多くの外科療法も採用していた。



Orthopedic surgery of a nose

< 3. Orthopedic surgery of a nose  

A world's first orthopedic surgical operation was in ancient India.

It is orthopedic surgery of ear and nose, which was explained in detail by Susruta samhita.
In the upper class of Hindu society, they had a custom of making a hole in their earlobe and also outspreading it.
Moreover, as there was punishment that sliced off a nose, the recovery surgery was required.
The epoch-making method of this surgery was slicing off a skin of patient's jaw or the forehead, and transplanting to the patient's affected part.
Probably, it was carried out in several centuries B.C.
This operation becomes about 1500 years earlier than Europe.
The Indian orthopedic surgery and surgical instrument advanced very much.
However, the anatomy seems to have not advanced, because the dissection was prohibited by Manusmriti (Indian ancient social norm).


古代インドに世界初の外科手術がある。
それはスシュルタに詳述されている耳と鼻の整形手術です。
ヒンドゥー社会の上流階層では耳たぶに穴を開け、伸ばす習慣があった。
また鼻を削ぐ刑罰があったので、それらの回復手術が必要であった。
この手術の画期的な所は、患者の顎や額の皮膚を削ぎ取り、患部に移植することでした。
おそらく紀元前数世紀には行われていたのだろう。
これはヨーロッパより1500年近く早い手術になる。
インドの整形手術と手術器具は非常に進んでいた。
しかしマヌ法典(インドの古代法典)により解剖が禁止されていたので、解剖学は進んでいなかったようです。


marma

< 4.  marma >

In India, there also is marma of body points resembling acupuncture points of China.
However, marma was not connected directly with organ and nerve, and the moxibustion or acupuncture was not provided.

インドにも中国の「つぼ」に似た体表面の点「マルマ」がある。
しかしマルマは臓器や神経と直結せず、お灸や針治療などは行われなかった。


The status of doctor
Early time, the doctors were only Brahman, later were able to be even from the low-ranking hierarchy.
If even a low hierarchy person became doctor, he was ranked the high rank, and tax was exempted from him.
The doctor at Imperial Court had achieved successful career, and he was able to become the important person of the country like Caraka.
The criminal punishments with unsuitable medical treatment by the doctor have been written in Manusmriti.
The cost of treatment was no charge for Brahman and poor, and others were charged according to the economic conditions.
Those who want to become doctor became pupil of teacher, recited Ayurveda, learned the treatment of medicinal herb, received training of the action method, etc.
The pupil had been recognized by the teacher, subsequently had the authorization of king, and became the full-fledged doctor.


医者の立場
初期の医者はバラモンであったが、後に下位の階層からでもなれるようになった。
低い階層出身者でも医者となれば、高位にランクされ、税金を免除されもした。
宮廷医師は出生街道を登りつめ、チャラカのように国の重要人物になり得た。
マヌ法典には、医師が不適切な治療による罰則が書かれている。
治療費はバラモン、貧困者などで無料であり、他は経済状態に応じて請求された。
医師になりたい者は教師に弟子入りし、アーユル・ベーダを暗唱し、薬草の扱い、処置法の訓練など受けた。
教師に認められた弟子は、次いで国王の認可をいただき、一人前の医者となった。





20140304

History of sickness and medical art 22:  India 2

God of India

< 1. God of India >

We look at the medical art of ancient India from this time.

Atharvaveda
This was established in about 1000 years B.C., was a sacred book for the private sectors, and had a relationship with medical treatment most.
This excluded disaster by magic, prayed for beatification, and aimed for medical treatment, love, victory, good luck, and expiation.
The object of disease treatment was diarrhea, heart disease, skin disease, tumor, fracture, intestinal worm, and poison of snake, and eye disease etc.
And it also included energy reinforcement and long life.
For example, the treatments were that a patient caught the hand of a magician, and made an incantation.
The treatment of fever was to transmit it to a woman of Sudra (slave), and the treatment of headache and coughs was to transmit it to the trees of hill and forest
For constipation, the patient was made to drink the soil of a rat hole along with singing a devotional song.


今回から古代インドの治療を見ていきます。

これは前1千年頃に成立し、最も治療に関わりを持つ民間向けの聖典でした。
これは呪術により災厄を祓い、招福を祈願し、治療、恋愛、戦勝、開運、贖罪などを目的とした。
病気治療の対象は下痢、心臓病、皮膚病、腫瘍、骨折、回虫、蛇の毒、眼病などがあり、精力増強、長生きも含まれていた。
例えば、治療は患者が呪術師の手を掴み呪文を唱え、熱病はシュードラ(slave)の女に、頭痛と咳は丘と森の木々に感染させることであった。
便秘に対しては、賛歌の詠唱と共に、患者は鼠穴の土などを呑まされた。


The spice of curry was based on Ayurveda

< 2. The spice of curry was based on Ayurveda >

Birth of Ayurveda

In the early stages, Brahmin (flamen) doubled also as doctor, and mainly treated sickness by means of using magic.
Before long, the experience and the knowledge about sickness or medicinal herb had been accumulated, and two medical schools that specialized in the internal medicine and the surgery treatment appeared in the 6th century.
These had been integrated into a system of Ayurveda (knowledge of the life) during several centuries A.D., and moreover it adopted yoga and developed.

初期は、バラモン(祭官)が医者を兼ねて、主に呪法を用いて治療を行っていた。
やがて病気や薬草に関する経験と知識が蓄積され、前6世紀には、内科治療を専門とする学派と外科治療も取り入れた学派が出現していた。
これらが紀元後数世紀の間にアーユル・ベーダ(生命の学問)の体系に集成され、さらにヨーガを取り入れ発展していった。


16 major nations: The first city-states were born.

< 3. 16 major nations: The first city-states were born. 
When it came at the 7th century B.C., rice cropping and trade became popular in Ganges basin, and many city-states were born.
This pushed the society toward the birth of freethinker, Sakyamuni, and medical school.

7世紀になると、ガンジス川流域で稲作と交易が盛んになり幾多の都市国家が誕生した。
このことが自由思想家、釈迦、医学学派の誕生へと向かわせた。

Change of the medical treatment

According to typical etiology of Ayurveda, the sickness was that the equilibrium among yellow bile, viscous liquid, winds, and blood collapsed.
In order to regain this equilibrium, patients must eat and drink sweet, acid, bitter, salt, and astringent depending on his condition.
For example, it is said that the acid is effective in the increase of digestion or mental function.
There are many medicines to treat, and they consist of minerals, animals, and 1000 or more kinds of medical herbs, and the purpose and the usage are classified.
Some medicines were the Egypt origin and the curative medicines of skin disease reached 100 kinds.
There were many medicines with clear effect and they used opium, ginger, cinnamon, wolfsbane, castor oil, alum, mercury, etc.
The mainstream of medical treatment was emetic method, enemas, nasal drops method, and phlebotomy method (bloods are drained).



アーユル・ベーダの代表的な病因論では、胆汁、粘液、風、(血液)の平衡が崩れた状態が病気と考えられている。
この平衡を取り戻すには甘・酸・苦・辛・塩・渋の六味を症状に応じて飲食させる。
例えば酸は消化力増大・精神機能増進に効果があるとされている。
扱う薬物は多く、鉱物、動物、一千種類以上の薬草があり、目的と用法が分類されている。
薬物にはエジプト由来もあり、皮膚病の治療薬は百種類に達した。
効能が明確な薬物は多く、アヘン、ショウガ、シナモン、トリカブト、ヒマシ油、明礬、水銀などを用いた。
治療法は吐法、浣腸法、点鼻法、瀉血法(血液を一部抜く)が中心である。



a relief engraving of a tooth extraction  

< 4.  a relief engraving of a tooth extraction  >

The name of diseases of internal medicine exceeds 300 kinds, and hiccups, the illness of head, and insanity are also included.
There were surgical operations of anal fistula, fracture, tooth extraction, renal calculus, cataract, and nose job, etc. 
The doctor did auscultation of patient, observed the state of his skin or his tongue, and judged diabetes with tasting his urine.

In this way, the conversion to medical art of empirical science from it of only past magic happened.

内科の病名は300種類を越え、シャックリ、頭の病、狂気も含まれている。
外科手術には痔瘻、骨折、抜歯、結石、白内障、鼻の整形などであった。
医者は聴診、皮膚や舌の状態を観察し、患者の尿を味見し糖尿病を判断した。

こうして過去の呪術一辺倒から経験科学の医術への転換が起こった。




20140221

History of sickness and medical art 21: India 1


Brahman God 

< 1. Brahman God >

We look at medicine of India at about the first millennium B.C.
There was a medical system called Ayurveda in India.
Before looking at it, we survey Indian culture and religion of the day.

As for the ancient record of India, the time when it was written is ambiguous, and the contents are almost the scripture and the myths.
The spread of writing began around the 5th century B.C. by rule class.
There are few ruins that tell the history of the time vividly except some king's epitaphs.


紀元前1千年紀頃のインドの医術を見ます。
インドにはアーユル・ベーダと呼ばれる医学体系がありました。
その前に、当時のインドの文化と宗教を概観します。

古代インドの記録は作成時期が不明瞭で、内容も教典や神話がほとんどです。
文字の普及が前5世紀頃から支配階層で始まった。
若干の王の碑文以外、この時期の歴史を如実に語る建築遺物は少ない。

Kausanmbi: a city remains at the 7th century B.C. 

< 2. Kausanmbi: a city remains at the 7th century B.C. >

The Aryan who came in northwest India from about 1500 years B.C. ruled the indigenous people.
Then they produced Brahmanism, and established the sacred book (Veda).
The contents of this Veda were mainly the songs praising for gods and religious service, and were inherited with the word-of-mouth between teachers and students.
The beginning of Veda was considerably old, and many myths and the Scriptures were produced over long years.  
Brahmanism managed the festival of the royal family, and was also concerned with the religious service of village after village.
The Brahman who has monopolized the festival had very big power and privilege.


前1500年頃から北西インドに進入したアーリア人は先住民を支配し、バラモン教を生み出し、経典(ベーダ)を成立させました。
このベーダの内容は神々への賛歌と祭祀が主であり、師弟間の口頭伝承によって伝えられた。
ベーダの始まりはかなり古く、長い年月をかけて数多くの神話や教典類が生まれました。
この頃のバラモン教は王家の祭儀を司り、村々の祭祀にも関わりました。
その祭司を独占したバラモンは非常に大きな力と特権を有していた。


< The civilization area at the first millennium B.C. >

From around 500 years B.C., a new breath arose in the religious world.
It is that esoteric books (Upanishad) making up for Veda was produced.
Soon the freethinkers who criticized Brahmanism began activity.
From among them, people appeared who dived into public and created a new religion.
In this way, Buddhism and Jainism were born.
The center of the civilization and the religion at the time is middle basin of Ganges.

紀元前500年前後から、宗教界に新たな息吹が生じました。
それはベーダを補う奥義書(ウパニシャッド)が制作されたことです。
やがてバラモン教を批判する自由思想家達が活躍を始めます。
その中から、民衆の中に跳び込み、新しい宗教を興す人が現れます。
こうして仏教(釈迦)とジャイナ教が誕生しました。
この時代の文明や宗教の中心地はガンジス河中流域です。

Atharvaveda

< 4. Atharvaveda >

I quote two phrases from Atharvaveda (this sacred book including many incantations was established at about 1000 years B.C.).
"A thing in thee, a thing in thy body, and it are fearful things.
A thing in hair and a thing in thy eyes.
I will beat the all things by my words.
As with Savitr God may encourage thou.”

“As wind, as thinking power, and as a bird.
A child of October!  Let you fly along with childbirth.
You give a birth and must descend from it.”

Lower phrases are the incantation for avoiding a miscarriage.

アタルバ・ベーダ(呪文が多い聖典、前1千年頃成立)から二つの句を引用します。

「汝自身の中にあるもの、汝の身体の中にあるもの、それは恐るべきものである。髪の中にあるもの、さてはまなざしの中にあるもの。そのすべてを言葉によって打ち負かそう。サヴィトリ神が汝を鼓舞するように! 」
 
「風のように思考力のように鳥が飛ぶように、おお十月の子よ、出産とともに飛べ、出産をして降下せしめよ!」

下の句は流産の難を避けるための呪文です。


a ceremony of the modern Hinduism

< 5.  a ceremony of the modern Hinduism >

The important duty of Brahman was to remove accident and illness by religious service (altarage) and incantations.

We look at the medicine of India from the next time.

バラモンの重要な役目は、祭祀(供物、供儀)と呪文によって災厄や病を取り除くことでした。

次回より、インドの医術を見て行きます。