＜ 1. Buddha ＞
How did Buddha who
participated actively around the 6th century B.C. face the illness?
We will see new
breath in it.
紀元前６世紀頃に活躍した釈迦は病とどのように向きあったのか？
そこには新しい息吹が見える。
About Buddha of the
day
Brahmanism that was
mainstream of the day was mainly role to provide offering and ceremony for God.
Buddha who wanted new
path to the salvation preached the teachings along with doing communal living
with many pupils and traveling over villages.
This priest group
involved the participation of all classes, man and woman.
They didn't work,
accepted charity, didn't have goods, and lived equal and simple life.
Acceding to the rule
that Buddha decided was a single condition that the members can belong to the
group.
During several hundred
years, the pupils had carried on the tradition of these rules, and then these
became the Scripture being calling Vinaya-Pitaka.
当時の釈迦について
当時、主流であったバラモン教は神への帰依－供物と儀式―が中心であった。
新しい救い求めた釈迦は、多くの弟子と共に集団生活をしながら村々を巡り、教えを説いた。
この出家者集団は、あらゆる階層、男女が参加し、働かず、乞食（こつじき）し、財を持たない質素で平等の生活を行った。
釈迦が決めた規則を守ることが、集団に帰属出来る唯一の条件だった。
この規則が、弟子達に数百年の間、口頭伝承され、教典となったのが律蔵です。
＜ 2. Turmeric:
medicines and curry powder ＞
From Vinaya-Pitaka, below
are an extract and a summary.
“A priest suffered from a sickness. Everybody nursed him, but
he didn't recover. He went to a slaughterhouse of pig, and ate the uncooked
meat and drank the blood. His disease thereby recovered. Buddha said, “ I
forgive the sick person for eating uncooked the meat and drinking the blood.””
“ I allow use of
roots-root of turmeric, ginger, and iris, etc.- as medicines. Although these
are appetizing and add a flavor, healthy person must not eat it. You will
commit a crime, if you eat them though these are not necessary.”
“ Ananda, because I am out of condition,
I want to drink a purgative. Ananda consulted Jivaka. The doctor ordered Ananda
that he must paint fats the body of Buddha for a few days, and then the doctor
gave him a light purgative. The doctor said to Buddha that you should refrain
from liquid meal until you completely recovered. And Buddha recovered.”
Buddha knew the medical
art of the time, and applied it actively.
He hadn't the idea of
the sickness that was caused by the violation of taboo or the punishment by
God.
In addition, he was a
friend with skilled physician Jivaka.
律蔵から当時の様子が覗える。抜粋・要約です。
「ある出家者は非人病を患った。色々、皆が彼を看病したけれども直らなかった。彼は豚の屠殺場に往き、生肉を食べ、血を飲んだ。それによって彼の病気は和らいだ。釈迦は言った、『私は、非人の病気には、生肉やその血の食用を許す』」
「私は医薬として根類（ウコン、生姜、菖蒲の根等）の使用を許す。これらは食欲をそそり風味を添えるが、それを健康な者が食べてはならない。もし必要もないのに食べるなら罪を犯すことになる。」
「アーナンダーよ、私は不調なので下剤を飲みたい。アーナンダーは、ジーヴァカに相談した。その医者は釈迦の体に数日間脂肪を塗りなさいと指示し、軽い下剤を与えた。医者は釈迦に、完全に回復するまで、流動食を控えた方が良いと言った。そして回復した。」
釈迦は、当時の進んだ医術を知っており、積極的に取り入れた。
彼には、病はタブー違反や神罰によると言う観念はなかった。
また名医ジーヴァカと親交があったことがわかる。
＜ 3. Map ＞
＜ 4. Taxila ruins,
after the 6th century B.C. ＞
About legendary
doctor Jivaka.
He was a skilled
physician that participated actively in the capital of Magadha country, cured
the king and was also Buddha's court physician.
Although he was of low birth, he become
a pupil of a doctor in Taxila, learned the medical art of Caraka samhita, and
then he went back.
Why did he go to the
far-off Gandharan capital?
At the time, Gandhara in
the northwest was under the influence of the Persia civilization.
On the other hand, he
probably thought that learning of new medical art was difficult in Magadha
country where Brahmanism's ideology had permeated in.
伝説の医者ジーヴァカについて
彼はマガタ国の首都で活躍した名医で、王の治療にもあたり、釈迦の侍医でもあった。
彼の出自は低かったが、タキシラの医師に弟子入りし、チャラカ・サンヒター医学を学んで帰国した。
彼はなぜ遠いガンダーラの首都に行ったのか。
当時、西北にあるガンダーラはペルシャ文明の影響下にあった。
一方、バラモンのイデオロギーが浸透しているマガタ国では、新しい医術の修得は困難だと彼は考えたのだろう。
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