20131213

Go around the world of Buddha statues 6: Buddha statue of a fearful face


fig.1, Varjrapani(Shitukongoushin): Hokkedo D, Todai temple, Nara period, the 8th century, clay, national treasure 

< fig.1, Varjrapani(Shitukongoushin): Hokkedo D, Todai temple, Nara period, the 8th century, clay, national treasure >


I introduced the typical things of various Japanese Buddha statues in installments.
This times, I chose from the Deva (Tenbu) that was the guardian deity of Buddhism.

The kinds of the Buddha statue are innumerable, but it are classed in 5 groups, Tathagata(Nyorai), Bodhisattva(Bosatsu), Wisdom King, Deva, high priest.
Tathagata and Bodhisattva who are main Buddha statues were already introduced.
The Deva (Tenbu) means the ancient Indian gods that took refuge in the Buddha for protecting the Buddhism.

Although the appearance of Buddha statues had been written in the sacred books that were created in India, it was ambiguous.
Therefore sculptor specializing in Buddha statues would create them by responding to the demand of the times along with relying on the tradition.

Because Mahayana Buddhism continued being a state religion in Japan, the Buddha statue expression that began with foreign imitation developed independently from the original style
Those Buddha statues became godly or daunting statues, and realistic or surprising images and then became diversified.



数回に分けて、日本の多様な仏像から代表的なものを紹介します。
今回は、守護神である天部から選びました。

仏像の種類は無数だが、如来、菩薩、明王、天部、羅漢・十大弟子・高僧の5種類に別れる。
中心的な仏像である如来と菩薩は既に紹介しました。
天部は仏教を護るために帰依した古代インドの神々を指します。

仏像はインドで生まれた経典に出てくるが、その容姿は不明瞭です。
そこで仏師は伝統を生かしながらも時代の要望に合わせて創作することになる。

日本では大乗仏教が国教であり続けたので、外来の模倣から始まった仏像表現は独自に発展を遂げます。
それらの仏像はこうごうしい像から威圧するような像まで、また写実的なものから意表を突くものまで千変万化となった。


fig.2, a bird's-eye view of Todai Temple in Nara: the placement of each temple was described in it. 
< fig.2, a bird's-eye view of Todai Temple in Nara: the placement of each temple was described in it. >
This is the large Buddhist temple that was built in order that the Emperor might protect the nation by Buddhism.
The foundation was the 8th century, but it was destroyed by a fire in the war and a natural disaster several times.


これは天皇が仏教によって国を鎮護するために建造した大伽藍です。
創建は8世紀ですが、数度の天災と兵火によって破壊された。


fig.3, the inside of Hokkedo D in Todai temple 
< fig.3, the inside of Hokkedo D in Todai temple >

Daibutuden A: There is the Great Buddha of a famous national treasure.
Kaidando B: There is Koumokuten(fig.6) of Four Heavenly Kings.
Nandaimon C: There is Konngourikishi(fig.7).
Hokkedo D: there is a big bodhisattva of the principal image in the center, and small Bodhisattvas at each side of it. Wisdom King and many different varieties of Deva surround it. There is Shitukonngoushin (fig.1) and Four Heavenly Kings in the Deva.


大仏殿A:有名な国宝の大仏(如来座像)がある。
戒壇堂B:四天王の広目天(図6)がある。
南大門C:金剛力士(図9)がある。
法華堂D:中央に本尊の千手観菩薩、その脇に日光・月光菩薩、さらに2体の金剛力士、外側に2体の四天王が見える。その奥に不動明王、地蔵菩薩、図1の執金剛神、梵天、帝釈天、四天王がある。菩薩と明王以外が天部です。


Four Heavenly Kings
This is arranged in four directions with one set surrounding the principal image in the center of a hall.
These are guardian god of east, west, south, and north, and consist of Jikokuten, Koumokuten, Zoucyouten, and Tamonten.
Those statues put on armor of China style, are trampling a devil, three statues have weapon in the hand, and the body color is distinguished by 4 colors.


四天王
これは堂内で本尊を中心に四方に4体一組で配される。
これらは東西南北を護る神で、持国天、広目天、増長天、多聞天からなる。
それらの姿は中国風の鎧を着け、邪鬼を踏みつけ、身色は四色で区別され、3体は手に武器をもっている。


 fig.4, from left, Jikokuten, Zoucyouten
< fig.4, from left, Jikokuten, Zoucyouten >

fig.5, from left, Koumokuten, Tamonten: Kaijyusen temple, Kyoto, Kamakura period, wood, H.38cm, important cultural properties
< fig.5, from left, Koumokuten, Tamonten: Kaijyusen temple, Kyoto, Kamakura period, wood, H.38cm, important cultural properties >
This is considered to be faithful imitation of the Four Heavenly Kings of the Daibutuden A in Todai temple that was burned once, as the cutdown version. 

これは創建時、東大寺大仏殿にあり焼失した四天王像の忠実な模造と考えられている(縮小版として、写真は手から武器が外されている)。


fig.6, Koumokuten: Kaidando B, Todai temple, the 8th century, clay, H.160cm, national treasure 
< fig.6, Koumokuten: Kaidando B, Todai temple, the 8th century, clay, H.160cm, national treasure >
Koumokuten has power to foresee the world and protects Buddhism and people.
So, it is staring into the distance in sharp eyes, and it has an ink brush and a scroll.

広目天はこの世を見通す力を持ち、仏教と人々を護る。
それゆえ、この像は鋭い眼光で睨み、筆と巻物を持っている。


fig.7, Jikokuten: To temple, Kyoto, Heian period, the 9th century, wood, H.190cm, national treasure 
< fig.7, Jikokuten: To temple, Kyoto, Heian period, the 9th century, wood, H.190cm, national treasure >
This plays the role supporting a nation and has weapons in both hands.

これは国を支える役割を担い、両手に武器を持つ。


fig.8, Bishamonten: Shizuoka, Kamakura period, the 12th century, wood, H.150cm, important cultural properties
< fig.8, Bishamonten: Shizuoka, Kamakura period, the 12th century, wood, H.150cm, important cultural properties >
Later, only Bishamonten(Tamonten) was believed as the god of the military prowess or the amulet, by military commander and people.
This is an early statue of Unkei who was a sculptor specializing in Buddha statues.
He proposed new direction unlike the raging face of a traditional expression.
It was originated in Kubera god that was the lord of wealth and the regent of the north in Hindu mythology.

毘沙門天(多聞天)は武勇や魔除けの神として、後に単独で武将や民衆に広く信仰された。
これは運慶の初期の作品で、開かれたばかりの鎌倉幕府の命で作ったものです。
彼は、それまでの憤怒相とは異なる新機軸を打ち出している。
もともとはインド神話の財宝と北方を守護する神クベーラに由来する。

Kongorikishi( Nio )
When a matched pair of statues stands at both sides of the gate of a temple, most of it is Kongorikishi.
This god beats the enemy with a powerful weapon and crushes even the worldly desires of the believer.

金剛力士(仁王)
お寺の門の両側でにらみを効かしている左右二体の像はほとんどが金剛力士です。
これは強力な武器を持って、敵を打ち破り、信者の煩悩さえも粉砕する神です。


 fig.9, Agyo statue of Kongorikishi: NandaimonC, Kamakura period, the 13th century, wood, H.840cm, national treasure 
fig.9, Agyo statue of Kongorikishi: NandaimonC, Kamakura period, the 13th century, wood, H.840cm, national treasure >
This is a statue that Unkei reproduced after it had been burned.
Its dynamism increases in comparison with Shitukongoushin(fig.1) in Hokkedo D.

これは運慶が焼失した東大寺の仏像制作を総指揮した時の作品です。
もともと法華堂の図1の執金剛神に見られるように憤怒相、筋骨隆々とした姿で表されていたのですが、さらにその迫力は増しています。




20131209

Travel to South Korean 4:  Pleasant meal

 1 a restaurant of Samgyeopsal 

  a restaurant of Samgyeopsal 
The greatest pleasure in the trip to Korea is a meal.
In particular, side dishes attached to main menu, such as Kimchi(Korean pickle) or Namul (seasoned vegetable dishes), are good.


韓国旅行での一番の楽しみは食事です。
特にメインメニューに添えられるキムチ、ナムルなどのおかずが良い。

2 a dinner of Samgyeopsal(meat has not yet come) 

  a dinner of Samgyeopsal(meat has not yet come) 
This menu roasts the ribs of pig with the griddle.
The meat was nice and the side dishes were also delicious.

サムギョプサルは豚のバラ肉を鉄板で焼いて食べる料理です。
肉も旨かったが、添えられているおかずも美味しかった。

3 Signboards of the restaurant 

  Signboards of the restaurant 
The restaurant was located in the center of Daegu and was full of local people.

店は大邱(テグ)の中心部にあり、地元の人で賑わっていた。

4 a breakfast of Tarokuppa

  a breakfast of Tarokuppa  
This menu is local dishes of Daegu, and this Kuppa is separate boiled rice, and meat and vegetable soup.
Though it was weekdays, youths who had stayed up all night in this restaurant had breakfast.
 
タロクッパは大邱の郷土料理で、このクッパはご飯と肉・野菜スープが別れている。
平日なのに、店には徹夜した若者達が朝食を取っていた。

4B the restaurant of Tarokuppa 

 B the restaurant of Tarokuppa  
There was the restaurant in the suburbs of Daegu.

店は大邱の郊外にあった。

5 a lunch of Andong Jiimdak

  a lunch of Andong Jiimdak 
Andong Jiimdak of local dish is chicken, vegetables, and thin noodles boiling with soy sauce and sugar.
Four persons had eaten dish of a big plate, and because there was much quantity, everyone left it.
The restaurant was near Andong Hahoe folk village.


安東チムタクはこの地方の郷土料理で、鶏肉と野菜、細い麺の甘辛煮です。
大きな皿を4人で食べるのですが、量が沢山あったので残した。
これも旨かった。
店は安東河回村の近くだった。

6 a dinner of Bulgogi containing mushroom 

  a dinner of Bulgogi containing mushroom >
This pan is beef, vegetables, and vermicelli boiling with soy sauce.
These Side Dishes (dried seaweed, Kimchi, food boiled down in soy sauce, Namul, etc.) were full of delicacies and everyone wanted to have seconds.
The restaurant was located at the foot of Mt. Seoraksan.

このプルコギは牛肉、野菜、春雨の醤油ベースの鍋です。
おかず(海苔、キムチ、佃煮、ナムルなど)が珍味揃いで、皆でお代わりをした。
このためメインの鍋料理の味は、印象が薄くなってしまった。
店は雪岳山の麓にあった。


7 a lunch of Dolsot Bibimbap 

  a lunch of Dolsot Bibimbap 
This is a staple dish in Korea.

石焼きビビンバは韓国料理の定番です。

7B  the restaurant of Dolsot Bibimbap

 B  the restaurant of Dolsot Bibimbap 
The restaurant in Seoul was full in the group of Japanese tourists.

店はソウル市内で、日本人観光客の団体で一杯でした。

8 a dinner of Haemul Jeongol(seafood pan)

  a dinner of Haemul Jeongol(seafood pan) 
This was the most delicious among the seafood pan that I ate so far.
This restaurant was full in the group of Japanese tourists, too.

海鮮寄せ鍋は、今まで食べた中で一番旨かった。
この店も、日本人観光客の団体で一杯でした。

9 Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market 

  Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market 
I and wife went to Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market in Soul to have a meal.
There were more than 700 stores selling fish and shellfish in the market.
We had bought a fish and some shellfishes, and we got it cooked in a dining room of the second floor (the photograph left hand).

私は、ソウルにある鷺梁津水産市場(ノリャンジン)へ食事に行きました。
巨大な市場には700以上の魚介類の店が並んでいる。
私達は、ここで買った魚と貝を2階(写真左手)の食堂で調理してもらった。

10 stores in the market

 10 stores in the market 

11、12 the dish of the dining room 

11、12 the dish of the dining room 

 1112 the dish of the dining room 
I ordered the sliced raw fish “Sashimi”, and the roasted shellfishes.
The dining room used the remaining materials as the pan.
People of the stores did not understand what I said, but we ate delectably and were satisfied with relating to the local persons.


私は、魚を刺身、貝を焼くように頼んだ。
食堂は残りの材料を鍋にしてくれた。
言葉が通じなかったが、食べて満足した。現地の人と触れ合いながら味わうことが出来た。






























20131207

History of sickness and medical art 15: Ancient Israel 1

 Jerusalem was destroyed in the sixth century B.C. and the peoples were transported to Babylon. 

< Jerusalem was destroyed in the sixth century B.C. and the peoples were transported to Babylon. >

From now on, we look at the medical art of ancient Israel.
This time, we look at ancient Israel having the rare history.

これから古代イスラエルの医術を見ていきます。
今回は、希有な歴史を持つ古代イスラエルを見ます。


the ruins of a village in Jericho

< the ruins of a village in Jericho  

What is rare?
This nation was sandwiched between the vast desert and the sea, furthermore between two ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
World religion was not born of the both ancient civilizations, but Judaism and Christianity were born of this small nation.
Two ancient civilizations of China and India created each world religions.
Furthermore, the peoples lost the hometown and roamed around the world for 2000 years, and they again accomplished the founding of their nation in Palestine.
It was the Jewish nation, and Israel.                        


何が希有なのか
この国は砂漠と海、エジプトとメソポタミアの古代文明に挟まれていた。
その両古代文明から世界宗教は生まれなかったが、小さなこの地からユダヤ教、キリスト教が誕生した。
中国とインドの古代文明は世界宗教を生みだした。
さらに一民族が故郷を失い、2000年間も世界を放浪し、再びパレスチナの地に建国を成し遂げた。
実に驚異的なユダヤ民族であり、イスラエルであった。


Levant's trade routes

< Levant's trade routes    >

What was there in this ground?
It was this hills part of Orient where human beings first settled down to grow crops and to keep animals.
The oldest place was Jericho in Palestine, and it dated back to 10000 years B.C.
Then, the shores of Palestine became the anchorages in where Egypt carries out maritime trade.
In its northern part, Phoenicia (Lebanon) became a base in order for Mesopotamia to go to the Mediterranean.
In this way, this Levant (shore of the eastern Mediterranean Sea) prospered in trade and became a place where many peoples come and go.

Some characters were created in Sinai Peninsula and Canaan at about the 15th century B.C. and it had derived from the hieroglyphic of Egypt.
It spread into Mesopotamia from Levant.
The most of today's alphabet were derived from this character.



この地に何があったのか
人類が最初に農耕牧畜を行い、村を作ったのは、オリエントの丘陵部でした。
その最も古いものがパレスチナのエリコで、それは紀元前1万年前まで遡る。
その後、パレスチナの沿岸部はエジプトが海上交易する寄港地となった。
北のフェニキア(現レバノン)は、メソポタミアが地中海に出る拠点となった。
こうして、このレバント(地中海東部沿岸地方)は交易で栄え、幾多の民族が往来する所となった。

紀元前15世紀頃、文字がシナイ半島とカナンの地で生まれ、それはエジプトの象形文字それはレバントを中心にメソポタミアに普及した。
今日のアルファベットのほとんどはこの文字から派生した。



< Assyria grew up to the huge empire  >

Though this small nation was bombarded with the both great nations that were antagonistic to each other, this nation was able to survive, because it was bounded by the vast desert and the ridge of the Great Rift Valley.
However, when the national power of Egypt declined, this nation received thorough destruction by Mesopotamia in the 8th century B.C., and Jewish Diaspora began.
Furthermore, in the first century, the Roman Empire conquered the Jewish revolt, and the Jew and the Christian broke up to the west.
The great achievement of Solomon Empire (B.C. 1000) completely was dissipated in this way.


この小国は大地溝帯の尾根と砂漠で囲まれていたことにより、拮抗する両大国に翻弄されながらも生き残ることが出来た。
しかしエジプトの国力が衰えた紀元前8世紀には、メソポタミアによって徹底的な破壊を受け、ユダヤ人の離散が始まった。
さらに1世紀、ローマ帝国はユダヤの反乱を制圧し、ユダヤ人とキリスト教徒は西方に離散していった。
こうして輝かしいソロモン帝国(紀元前1千年)の偉業は跡形もなく消え去った。


power relationships of Levant in 830 B.C.: Israeli kingdom and Jewish kingdom were divided. There is Jericho at the north of Dead Sea.

< power relationships of Levant in 830 B.C.: Israeli kingdom and Jewish kingdom were divided. There is Jericho at the north of Dead Sea. >

What was left?
Palestine received repeated invasion, and the remained things became only ruins and Judaism.
From ancient times, the Jews played an active part in Orient by the culture and the language, and they found their way into Europe before long.
The Christianity that was displaced from Palestine found their way into Rome from Syria and Greece.
Jews who took a lead in Rome observed the doctrine rigidly, and it decided the outcome between Christian before long.
And the Old Testament and the New Testament became what communicate the history and the culture of ancient Israel, and it remained.



何が残ったのか
パレスチナの地は、度重なる侵略を受け、残ったのは廃墟とユダヤ教だけとなった。
古代より、ユダヤ人はその文化と言語を武器にオリエントで活躍し、やがてヨーロッパに活路を見出すことになる。
パレスチナを追われたキリスト教は、シリア、ギリシャからローマに活路を見出した。
先行していたユダヤ教徒は、頑なに教義を遵守したこともあり、やがてキリスト教徒と明暗を分けることになる。
そして旧約聖書と新約聖書が、古代イスラエルの歴史と文化を語るものになって残った。





20131204

Awaji-island of early winter : Birds of a fishing port

 gray heron“Aosagi”

< gray heronAosagi” >
I strolled around a fishing port and took a picture of the birds that were flying about it.

漁港を散歩して、飛び交う鳥達の姿を撮りました。


“Kariya” fishing port

< “Kariya” fishing port    >
Mount Rokko and Kobe are visible to a right-hand distantly.
A lot of anglers with family come on a holiday.
The horse mackerel could be fished and there was one person who had fished a octopus.

右手遠くに六甲山、神戸が見えます。
休日は家族連れの釣り客がたくさん訪れます。
アジが釣れ、タコを釣ってしまった人もいました。


The gray heron looks into the far distance. 


< The gray heron looks into the far distance. >


black-tailed gull: one flies away, or one touches sea level and flies away.

black-tailed gull: one flies away, or one touches sea level and flies away.

< black-tailed gull: one flies away, or one touches sea level and flies away. >

a group of birds go toward the east.  

< a group of birds go toward the east.  >

black kites and a black-tailed gull fly 

< black kites and a black-tailed gull fly >

a plover

< a plover >

It gets dusky immediately

< It gets dusky immediately
There was the cloud, but it was warm.

雲はあったが、ぽかぽかした穏やかな陽よりでした。