20130815

History of sickness and medical art 6 : in preliterate society 3

a boy of Chamus who pastures cow

< a boy of Chamus who pastures cow >

How does pastoral tribe Chamus in Kenya understand sickness?
I refer to book “Pastoralists’ View of Body and Therapeutic Practice" (a fieldwork 20 years ago) by Kaori Kawai.

ケニヤの牧畜民チャムスは病気をどのように理解しているのか?
河合香吏著「野の医療」(20年前のフィールドワーク)を参考にしました。

Outline
Their understanding to their body is concrete and they abundantly have the name of internal part.
It was guessed from the dismantlement of livestock.
For example, they regarded that a brain and a spinal were as a unit.
When somebody became convulsion or swoon, they thought that the part was cut off.
The sickness is mentioned with everyday greetings, and the handling is done basically in the family.
Except for an emergency, they do not go to a Sherman or a clinic of modern medicine.
Everyday as the prevention and the medical treatment, they have been boiling many medicinal herbs together with meals or drinks.


概要
彼らの身体への理解は具体的で、体内部位の名称を豊富に持っている。
それは家畜の解体から類推されたものだ。
例えば、脳と脊髄を一つと捉え、痙攣や失神した場合は、その部位が切れたと考える。
日常の挨拶で病を話題にし、その対処は基本的に家族で行われる。
よほどのことがない限り、彼らは呪医や近代医学の診療所に行くことはない。
彼らは日頃より予防と療養を兼ねて、多くの薬草を食事や飲料と一緒に煮ている。


a pastoral tribe in Africa  

< a pastoral tribe in Africa  >

The sickness and the principle of cause and effect
How do they understand the cause of the disease?
They recognize the abnormalities of the affected part (a headache, a fever) and its cause part (a liver, a spleen).
They think that causes of the disease depend on what enters from the outside, or depend on their body.
In the former example, there are rotten foods or drinks, parasites, wind, a haze, and an infectious unknown intruding object, etc.
For example, although a reason why the newborn baby died is regarded as the wind went into and swelled the baby’s stomach and intestines, there is not the further explanation.
In the latter example, there are the hereditary or weak constitution, a pregnancy, and a blow etc.

If they were asked who was to blame for the disease, they will answer " causing by themselves" or " bringing by somebody else" or " causing by God."
They have thought that they might have made an original cause of the disease that was based on others' grudge.  
They consider that they have no choice of the disease that was caused by God that is omnipresent to sky or rain.
And they not think that somebody received divine punishment.
Although the sickness may be induced from outside, one's body eventually is important, and they concentrate on care of health and medical treatment.



病気の原因を彼らはどのように理解しているのだろうか。
彼らは患部(頭痛、発熱)とその原因部位(肝臓、脾臓)の異常を認識している。
病因は外部から進入するものと、身体自身によるものがあると彼らは考える。
前者の例では、腐った飲食物、寄生虫、風や霞、伝染する不明な侵入物などがある。
例えば、新生児が死んだ理由に、風が胃腸に入って腹が膨れたからとすることがあるが、それ以上の説明はない。
後者では遺伝的や虚弱体質、妊娠中、打撲などがある。

誰のせいで病気になったのかと聞くと、「自分が招いた病気」「他人がもたらした病気」「神の病気」のいずれかで答える。
彼らは他人の恨みによる場合も、元を正せば自分がその原因を作ったと思っている。
天や雨などに遍在する神が与えた病気を仕方がないと考え、罰が下ったとは考えない。
彼らは、病気は外から誘発されることもあるが、最終的には自己の身体にあると捉え、養生と治療に専念する。


Pygmy tribe living in a jungle

< Pygmy tribe living in a jungle   >

This recognition has a certain similarity to ancient Greece, India and China.
It is the cure does not remove an etiology and preferentially turns the body back to normal.
Although this recognition holds a minority position, the hunter-gatherers pygmy living in a jungle of Congo also has similar recognition with it.
However, pastoral Nuer in adjoining southern Sudan has etiology of magical factor.

Next time, it becomes a summary of the sickness and the medical treatment in preliterate society



この認識は、病因を除くのではなく身体を元に戻すことを第一義とする古代のギリシャ、インドや中国に通じるものがある。
この認識は少数派ですが、コンゴのジャングルに生きる狩猟採集民ピグミーもこれに近い。
しかし隣接するスーダン南部の牧畜民ヌアーは逆に呪術的な病因論を持っています。

次回は、無文字社会の病と医療のまとめになります。



20130812

Travel to Vietnam 3 : Ho Chi Minh City 3


< trafficky morning >

I introduce the history and the culture of Vietnam by visiting three museums.

私は博物館を巡り、ベトナムの歴史や文化を紹介します。



< National History Museum, Saigon Botanic & Zoological Garden, a Pagoda >

These three institutions adjoin.
In National History Museum, we can have an overview of the history of Vietnam, archaeology, culture, and ethnic group.
Impressive one is that Vietnam was greatly influenced by Chinese culture, and had been invaded by China repeatedly.


この三つの施設は隣接しています。
歴史博物館では、ベトナムの歴史、考古、文化、民族を概観出来ます。
印象深いのは、中国文化の影響が大きく、また度重なる中国の侵攻にあっていたことです。



< ethnic group being more than 50 >

Although three ethnic group account for the most part of the people, it consists of the Chinese, the Thai, and many mountains ethnic minorities

国民のほとんどは三つの民族(ベト人)が占めるが、華人、タイ人、それに多くの山岳少数民族からなる。



< collections of National History Museum, a bronze drum in the 3rd century BC, a dancer image in the 10th century, a jar of white porcelain in the 15th century >

This bronze drum is a thing of northern Vietnam and belongs to the oldest bronze ware in Southeast Asia.
The Chinese culture arrived at Vietnam before several hundred years than Japan.
The dancer image is a thing of a Hinduism temple.
The jar will be the China style.
In this way, the civilization of India and China had influenced Vietnam.


この銅鼓はベトナム北部のもので、東南アジア最古の青銅器に属します。
日本よりも数百年早く中国文化がベトナムに伝わった。
踊り子像はヒンドゥー教寺院のものです。
壺は中国様式だろう。
こうしてベトナムにはインドと中国の文明が影響していた。




Buddha statue in Xa Loi Pagoda >

This resembles a Japanese Buddha statue.

これは日本の仏像に似ている。


a restaurant 

< a restaurant >

The first floor of the restaurant is a kitchen and a delicatessen section, and the second floor is a large dining room.
The taste was not incompatible with me, and the meat dishes were delicious.

レストランの1階は調理場と総菜店で、2階は食堂です。
その味に違和感は無く、肉料理は美味しかった。



< Reunification Palace >

This building was the presidential residence in South Vietnam at the time of the Vietnam War.
In this underground, the strategy commander room of those days is saved.
In the Vietnam War, the U.S. and the South Vietnam army fought with the North Vietnam army.
The tanks of the North Vietnam army rushed into this presidential residence, and this war that continued for 15 years ended in 1975.
The dropped bombs easily exceeded World War II, and the total dead persons went up to the 6 million.
Friend's young people seem not to have the deep emotion in this war.


この建物は、ベトナム戦争当時、南ベトナムの大統領官邸であった。
この地下に、当時の作戦司令室が保存されている。
ベトナム戦争では米国と南ベトナム軍が北ベトナム軍と戦った。
北ベトナム軍の戦車がこの官邸に突入し、15年間続いた戦争は1975年に終結した。
投下された爆弾は第二次世界大戦をはるかに上回り、全死者600万人に上った。
友人の青年達はこの戦争に感慨はないようだ。



< War Remnants Museum >

As for the exhibition, weapons and the photograph of the Vietnam War is the main.
When we come out it, a bouncy musical performance and song have been heard.
It was performances of the children who have malformation and the handicap by agricultural chemicals. 
In order that the U.S. Forces bring every bushfighting under control, the aerial application of the agricultural chemicals (defoliant) was carried out over vast jungle in large quantities.
According to the WHO, the Vietnamese patient resulting from this becomes 4,800,000 or more people and 150,000 children of them have intelligence impairment and visual impairment.
I was astonished at malformed children that continue to be born after the war also.

Both nations began each other this war for independence and communism prevention.

On the next time, I inform Mekong sightseeing.



展示はベトナム戦争の武器や写真が主です。
館を出ようとすると、軽快な演奏と歌が聞こえて来ました。
それは農薬による奇形や障害を持った子供によるものでした。
米軍がゲリラ戦を制圧するために農薬(枯れ葉剤)をジャングルに大量に空中散布した。
WHOによれば、これに起因するベトナム人患者は480万人以上、そのうち15万人の子供は知能や視覚障害を持つ。
戦後も奇形児が生まれ続けていることに驚愕した。

互いに独立と共産主義阻止の為に始めた戦争であった。

次回は、メコン川観光に案内します。

















20130809

Travel to Vietnam 2 : Ho Chi Minh City 2

 Morning of the Saigon river

< Morning of the Saigon river    >

I introduce a town walk of Ho Chi Minh City this time also.

今回もホーチミン市の町歩きを紹介します。


Main street of the Saigon riverside

< Main street of the Saigon riverside 

A new skyscraper stands one after another between buildings of a low layer.
In fact, it is difficulties to cross the main street and to go to the riverside.
There is not a signal, and it is because I have to pass over numberless motorcycle like a flood.
It needs considerable courage.


低層のビルの間に新しい高層ビルが続々と建っています。
実は、この道路を渡って川岸に出るのが一苦労なのです。
信号機がなく、洪水のように押し寄せるバイクを掻き分けて渡らなければならないからです。
かなりの度胸がいります。


Dong Khoi Street 

< Dong Khoi Street >

This street is the main street where brand store, first-class hotel, high-class gift shop, etc. are located in a line.
The main street is located near Central Post Office and Notre Dame Cathedral, and a key role of the city sightseeing.
Saigon Tax Trade Center is at neighboring intersection and is most suitable to buy a souvenir.
There is a supermarket in the second floor of it, and the salesclerk who can speak Japanese may be.

                                           
この通りはブランド店、高級ホテル、高級土産品店などが並ぶメインストリートです。
近くに中央郵便局や大聖堂があり,市内観光の中心になります。
一筋隣りの交差点に国営百貨店のビルがあり、お土産を買うのに最適です。
ここの2階にスーパーがあり、日本語が出来る店員がいることもあります。

Cho Ben Thanh Market 

< Cho Ben Thanh Market >

Food, miscellaneous goods, and dress-and-ornaments store are crowdedly located in a line.
My wife bought the fruit of the photograph instantly.
Later, a Vietnamese friend said that the purchase price is several times of normal price.
When these fruits were cut, because the flesh was unlike things was seen usually, I was uncomfortable, but there was nice taste and surprise.

食料品、雑貨、服飾店が所狭しと並んでいる。
妻がさっそく写真の果物を買いました。
後でベトナムの友人が言うには、買値は数倍高かった。
これらの果物を切ると、日頃見る果肉とは異なり違和感があったが、旨くて新鮮な驚きがあった。



shop street

< shop street 


shop street  ]

< shop street 

Early in the evening, everywhere it becomes full of motorcycles and people.
The people sit in front of each store, and begin enjoying the cool of the evening.

夕方になると、どこも人とバイクで一杯になり、店舗の前に腰掛けて夕涼みを始める人がいる。


meal 

< meal >

The top photograph is an example of the breakfast buffet of a hotel.
Vietnamese friends invited us to the classy restaurant.
Two lower photographs are the dishes.
I was surprised at the food sculpture of a dragon and a crocodile than taste of it.
I was unsettling with deep emotion and strain.


一番上の写真はホテルの朝食バイキングの例です。
ベトナムの友人達が私達を高級レストランに招待してくれました。
下の写真2枚がその時の料理で、味よりも龍とワニの食材彫刻に驚きました。
感激と緊張で落ち着きませんでした。


 Bat Trang Ceramic

< Bat Trang Ceramic >

We introduce the Vietnam souvenir that we are using still.
Vietnam coffee is very tasty, and we use Nample of seasoning sometimes.
I still use a cheap teacup of Bat Trang Ceramic every day.
This is thick and heavy, but it is good that this does not get broken, and has a simple pattern.

On the next time, I easily introduce Ho Chi Minh City and the Vietnamese history.

私達が今も使っているベトナム土産を紹介します。
ベトナムコヒーは味わい深く、調味料のヌクマムも料理に使っています。
私はバッチャン焼の安い湯飲みを今も毎日使っています。
これは分厚くて重いのですが、素朴な柄と欠けないのが良い。

次回は、ホーチミン市とベトナムの歴史を簡単に紹介します。




20130806

Travel to Vietnam : Ho Chi Minh City 1

 I arrived at Vietnam 

< I arrived at Vietnam >

I took a trip of three days and two nights in early March 2011, in order to visit my friends in Vietnam.
They had stayed in Japan as technical trainees for three years.
My wife and I again met them who already had come back to Ho Chi Minh City.

This travel is a walking freely around Ho Chi Minh City, and is a sightseeing of the Mekong.
The climate is about the same as July in Osaka, and it was not caught in the rain.


20113月初旬、私はベトナムの友人を訪ねる為に23日の旅をした。
彼らは3年間、技術研修生として日本に来ていた。
私は帰国した彼らと妻と共にホーチミンで再会した。

この旅行は、メコン川観光とホーチミン市の自由散策です。
気候は日本の7月と同じぐらいで、雨に降られることはなかった。


Map of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh City    

< Map of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh City    >

We arrived at a hotel in the afternoon and went sightseeing on foot in the city.
A red circle of the map is the hotel, and it faced the Saigon River.
All the sightseeing is less than 2 km in radius from the hotel.

私達はホテルに午後到着し、それから徒歩で市内を観光した。
地図の赤丸がホテルで、それはサイゴン川に面していた。
すべての観光は、ホテルから半径2km以内です。


a memorial hall of Ho Chi Minh 

< a memorial hall of Ho Chi Minh >

The achievement of Ho Chi Minh has been exhibited in here.
He was the first Presidentand led Vietnamese independence.
Although the old name of this city was Saigon, people named it Ho Chi Minh after his name.
Tourist was not in the inside, but it stood out that one person or several persons of Vietnamese looked around eagerly, though they are few.


ここはホーチミン氏の事績を展示している。
彼はベトナム独立を牽引した初代国家主席でした。
この都市の旧名はサイゴンであったが、彼にちなんで改名された。
中には観光客はおらず、少ないが一人か数人で熱心に見て回るベトナム人が目についた。


steamed meat bun is delicious 

< steamed meat bun is delicious  >

When we were taking a walk in the city, there was a good smell from the butcher.
Wife ordered a steamed meat bun instantly, and I ate too.
It was very full of meat juices, and tasty.
The nice foods that I still remember in Vietnam were this and pho (rice noodles in soup).


市内を散策していると、肉屋から良い匂いがしてきた。
妻は、さっそく肉まんのような物を注文し、私も食べた。
それは実に肉汁がたっぷりで、味も良かった。
ベトナムで記憶にある旨いものは、これとフォー(ラーメン風の米粉麺)でした。


water puppet theatre 

< water puppet theatre >

We went into the old small theater and sat on the front row of a big pool.
The inside became full of overseas tourist and Vietnamese.
The programs was 17, such as a festival, rice planting, a lion dance, a boat race, king triumphal return, and a dragon.
I had a fun time with a musical instrument performance, the movement of humorous doll, good underwater operation.

The outside became pitch-black, and we came back through the main street on foot aimlessly.
On the way, I went into a restaurant of the department store, and drank cold fruit juice.
The tropical fruits were rich and nice.

私達は古く小さな劇場に入り、大きな水槽の最前列に座った。
中は海外の観光客とベトナム人で一杯になった。
祭り、田植え、獅子舞、ボートレース、王凱旋、龍などの幅広い演目が17もあった。
囃す楽器演奏、ユーモラスな人形の動き、巧みな水中操作で私は楽しく時間をすごした。

外は真っ暗になり、私達は大通りをぶらぶらと歩いて帰った。
私は途中、デパートの食堂街に入り、冷たい果物ジュースを飲んだ。
熱帯の果実は濃厚で旨かった。


central post office 

< central post office >

The center post office that lighted up had a refreshing feel at hot night.
The countless young couples were sharing each motorbike respectively, and were enjoying their date calmly.
Many people are enjoying cool evening breeze and it passed in this way the night of summer.

Next time, I also guide Ho Chi Minh City.


ライトアップされた中央郵便局は暑い夜に清涼感を漂わせていた。
無数の若いカップルがそれぞれ一台のバイクに相乗りになり、静かなデートを楽しんでいた。
多くの人が夕涼みをしており、こうして夏の夜は過ぎていった。

次回も、ホーチミンを案内します。


















20130803

History of sickness and medical art 4: in preliterate society 2

 sweat lodge, a steam room of North American First Nations

 sweat lodge, a steam room of North American First Nations >

We look at how shaman treats some medical arts.

Medical art of the easy illness
As for an injury or a stomachache, people do not request shaman.
In the case of a stomachache, Tasmania indigenous people bite and drink some asteracea plant.
In the case of constipation, Pygmy people in Africa give liquid medicine into his body through a hollow stem of vine for an enema.
Each indigenous people use many medicinal herbs.
If injured, a surgical operation will also be performed, and a medicinal herb with a hemostatic effect is used.
American Indians give man the melted fat, when he is deficient in meat, before becoming atrocious or man-eating fantasy
A steam room is used for medical treatment in northern Eurasia and the North American Continent.

シャーマン(呪医)が治療にどのように関わるのかを見ます。

簡単な病の治療
人々は怪我や腹痛などではシャーマンに依頼しない。
タスマニア先住民は、腹痛の場合、下剤になるキク科植物を咬んで飲む。
ピグミーは、便秘の場合、茎が空洞の蔓で水薬を浣腸した。
それぞれの先住民は多くの薬用植物を利用している。
怪我をすれば外科手術も行い、止血効果のある薬草が使われる。
北米インディアンは、肉が欠乏し、人食い幻想や凶暴になる前に、溶けた脂肪を飲ませる。
ユーラシア北部と北米大陸では、治療に蒸し風呂が利用される。


in Malaysia, a shaman is treating a medical art

< in Malaysia, a shaman is treating a medical art

Treatment to depend on shaman

Diagnosis
An illness wasn't cured by easy method, and his physical strength declined gradually and he became thin.
In this instance, the people considered the evil spirit and magic to be the cause of it.
Shaman gives a patient the diagnosis and the treatment.
Diagnosis is to find a supernatural cause of a disease.
Was a soul of the patient pulled out? Someone who bore him a grudge shot a kiss of death to his body?
He clarifies the taboo and the crime that the patient perpetrated, and the spirit that brings an evil.
He identifies the cause by hearing an oracle in a possessed state, by interview, or by a fortune telling.


シャーマンに依頼する治療
診断
簡単な方法で治らず、次第に体力が衰え、痩せ細る病は、悪霊や呪術が原因と考えられた。
治療するシャーマンは患者に診断と処置を行う。
診断は、超自然的な病因を見つけることです。
患者の魂が抜き取られたのか? 恨みを抱く者が呪って災いの種を身体に射込んだのか?
彼は患者の犯したタブーや罪、悪さをしている精霊を明らかにする。
問診や占い、または憑依状態で神託を聞き原因を特定する。


 in Borneo island, people dance throughout the night, and a shaman removes a soul from her head or puts in it. 

< in Borneo island, people dance throughout the night, and a shaman removes a soul from her head or puts in it. >

Disposal
The disposal is whether a soul is returned or an evil spirit is driven out or a risked place is removed.
Many methods are performed with a ceremony, mystic words, and the fetish.
Occasionally, people will continue to dance and to cry several days, and send away evil spirit or calm down an angry spirit.
Holding up a rat near patient’s head of headache, the shaman of Andes moves evil thing from the head to the rat, kills it, and finds out evil part by fortune telling of internal organs of the rat.
The act of shaman that takes out diseased internal organs only with fingers from outside of patient’s body is widely seen, too.
For the cause of disease, they may suck out directly and may use a phlebotomy, a smoking process, and a steam room.
A lot of medicinal herbs are employed with mystic words, giving the droppings of an animal for driving out an evil spirit is also seen all over the world.



処置
処置は、魂を元に戻すか、悪霊を追い出すか、あるいは冒された所を取り除くかになる。
多くは儀式や呪文、呪物を伴い行われる。
時には数日間も踊り、叫び続け、悪霊を追い払うか、怒れる神をなだめる。
アンデスの呪医は頭痛の患者に、頭にかざした鼠に禍を移し、それを殺し鼠の内臓占いでさらに悪い患部を見いだす。
体外から指だけで悪い内臓患部を取り出す、奇術のような行為も広く見られる。
病因に対して、直接的に吸い出し、瀉血、燻煙法、蒸し風呂を使うこともある。
薬草も多く使われるが呪文を伴う、場合によっては動物の糞を飲ませて悪魔を追い払うことも世界中に見られる。


a shaman sells several medical herb in Peru 

< a shaman sells several medical herb in Peru >

Shaman has full knowledge of cultivation, extraction, process, and effect of medicinal herb, and properly uses it to alleviation of fever, painkilling, urination, purgative, etc. 
Especially, when a ceremony was held, the hallucinogen was necessary for not only shaman but also families other than the patient.

Next time, I look at the life of pastoral tribe of Kenya.


呪医は薬草の栽培、採取、製法、効能を熟知しており、解熱、鎮痛、利尿、下剤などを使い分けている。
特に幻覚剤は儀式を行う際、患者以外の呪医や家族にも必要だった。

次回は、ケニアの牧畜民の生活に密着します。