Showing posts with label anthropology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label anthropology. Show all posts

20130309

Birth of primitive art 8: primitive arts other than Europe 1


rock arts in Tassili-n-Ajjer  
< rock arts in Tassili-n-Ajjer  >
The first fine arts of the human beings were born in Europe of the glacial epoch, and eventually were lost.

However, primitive fine arts were born in different parts of the world after that.

We look at the arts in different parts simply.


人類最初の美術が氷河期のヨーロッパで誕生し、やがて廃れた。

しかしその後、世界各地で美術が誕生することになる。

各地の原初美術を簡単に見ます。


a map of primitive fine arts、fine arts of glacial epoch were born in a red part, other primitive fine arts were born in No. 1~7.

< a map of primitive fine artsfine arts of glacial epoch were born in a red part, other primitive fine arts were born in No. 1~7. >

The primitive fine arts in Africa 1 and 2, India 3, Australia 4, and America 6 and 7 were rock arts.

They are reflecting a life of hunting and gathering life. The indigenous people are continuing drawing them in some locations until recently. For this reason, establishing inaugural year of drawing pictures is difficult.

Japan made many Venus image out of clay, but didn't make rock arts.  japan is only special.


アフリカ1,2、インド3、オーストラリア4、アメリカ6,7の原初美術は岩絵であった。

それらは狩猟採集生活を反映しており、場所によっては先住民が最近まで描き続けていた。このために年代確定が困難になっている。

日本だけは岩絵を作らず、多くのビーナス像(土偶)を作った、これは特殊である。


map No.1,  Tassili n'Ajjer,  Algeria  

< map No.1,  Tassili n'Ajjer,  Algeria  

Although there is in the middle in Sahara Desert here now, was in rich green those days.

The rock arts on cliffs began to be drawn from 8000 years ago, and stopped by advance of desertification before long.

Although at first they have lived a life of hunting and gathering, the paintings show that their lives changed from cow breeding to the trade on a horse.

The painting place is near once the water place, and will be in which religious service and ceremony were performed.



ここは現在、サハラ砂漠の真ん中であるが、当時は緑豊かであった。

8000年前頃から壁画が描かれ始め、やがて砂漠化の進行で、それは途絶えた。

始めは狩猟採集生活であったが、牛飼養から馬による交易へと変化していったことが絵からわかる。

壁画が描かれた場所はかつての水場近くであり、祭祀や儀礼が行われていたことだろう。


 Tassili n'Ajjer,  a rock art in times of hunting and gathering  

< Tassili n'Ajjer,  a rock art in times of hunting and gathering  >

Upper two persons wear some decorations to head, neck, and arm, and the scares in sequence of white points are on the body.
   
This scar is a custom that has continued in Central Africa still.

On the lower side, there are a goat, several playing children, a visionary animal, and tent like jellyfish.

Each is no relation, the observing point is freedom, and they painted it by priority of how important.

There isn’t sacredness on it, but I feel pleasure and familiarity to it.


 
上部の二人は頭や首、腕に飾りを着け、体に白い点列の瘢痕がある。

この傷痕は現在も中央アフリカに続く風習である。

下部には山羊、遊ぶ子供達、空想上の動物、クラゲに似たテントが描かれている。

それぞれがバラバラで、描く視点が自由で、重要度によって描き分けられている。

そこに神聖さはなく楽しさと親しみを感じる。


Tassili n'Ajjer,  a rock art in times of cattle breeding 

< Tassili n'Ajjer,  a rock art in times of cattle breeding > 

Hunter that have an uplifting feeling, curved ships, and a herd of cattle that was made distinction of sex, these are painted in it.

Dancing, war, home life, carriage, religious rite, etc. were painted on rock arts of this time.

Brown is a basic tone of the painting, green and white also are added.



躍動感のある狩人、湾曲した船、雌雄の牛の群れが描かれている。

この時代の絵には、踊り、戦争、家庭生活、馬車、宗教儀式なども描かれていた。

絵は茶色を基調に、緑と白が加えられ描かれている。



map No.2,Tsodilo Hills, Botswana, phot by Jaap Sikkema
< map No.2Tsodilo Hills, Botswana, phot by Jaap Sikkema

Bushman (Sun) is continuing a traditional life of hunting and gathering in the Kalahari Desert in Botswana.

In the north direction, there are mountains that they called Tsodilo Hills and regard as sacred.

Several thousands of the rock arts that have been painted by them from 2500 years ago remain here.

One theory is it began at 20000 years ago.



ブッシュマン(サン人)はボツワナのカラハリ砂漠で昔ながらの狩猟採集生活を続けている。

その北方にツォディロ・ヒルと呼ばれる彼らが神聖視する山があり、そこに2500年前から描かれ続けた数千の岩壁画が残っている。一説には20000年前からとも言われている。


 Tsodilo Hills,  rock arts by Bushman

 Tsodilo Hills,  rock arts by Bushman

< Tsodilo Hills,  rock arts by Bushman

The image above is seen painting of ox and rhinoceros, and a Bushman. The image below is seen eland and giraffe.

The theme of the paintings is mainly wild animal, hunting, and fishing.

Additionally, there are Dancing, war, rain-making rituals, musical instrument performance, and religion ceremony with wearing mask and with dancing.

When it becomes hundreds of years ago, impressive paintings appear.

There are vast amounts of rock arts in Southern Africa. Bushman paints these from about 6000 years ago to until the 19th century.

People in Africa also had painted rock arts from 8000 years ago.

Next time, we look at primitive fine arts in other continents.



上の写真には牛と犀とブッシュマン、下にはエランド(ウシ科)とキリン、その横に手形が添えられている。

絵の主題は、野生動物と狩猟や漁労が主で、舞踊、戦争、雨乞い、楽器演奏、仮面を被って踊る宗教儀礼などの場面もある。

数百年前になると、見応えのある絵も出現する。

南部アフリカには膨大な岩壁画遺跡があるが、これらはブッシュマンによって約6000年前から19世紀まで描かれたものです。


アフリカの人々も、8000年前から岩絵を描いていた。

次回は、他の大陸の原初美術を見ます。

20121120

Misunderstanding of war 10: Uncivilized war


 アフリカの牛牧畜民,cattle herder of Africa

< cattle herder of AfricaThey are not the people of this article. >

We have so far seen a large-scale war.

There, soldiers' face cannot be seen, and complicated social circumstances twined around the war
We are hard to see the actual condition of war.

This time, we look at small-scale war and some uncivilized wars. Feeling and a desire have come out plainly there.


これまでに大規模な戦争の流れを見てきました。

そこでは兵士達の顔が見えず、複雑な社会状況が絡まり、戦争の実態が見にくい。

今回は、小規模で未開社会の戦いを見ます。そこでは感情や欲望が露骨に出ています


We look at some Wars of people of a preliterate society who live in the savanna in Africa and the jungle in New Guinea or South America.

The cattle herders of African savanna sometimes cause war of cow pillage.

If serious dryness come every about 20 years, there were that the number of cow in a village will decrease sharply.

Then, the villager asks an attacked village to a shaman and according to the fortune-telling, tens of adult men sortie with a spear.

The village is attacked, all cows in the village are pillaged, and almost all village people are massacred.



アフリカのサバンナ、ニューギニアや南米のジャングルに暮らす無文字社会の人々の戦争を見る。

アフリカ・サバンナのある牛牧畜民は牛略奪の戦争を起こすことがある。

約20年毎に深刻な乾燥が訪れると、村の牛の頭数が激減する。

すると皆は呪術者に襲うべき村を尋ね、その占いに従って数十人の成人男子は槍を持って出撃する。

その村は襲われ、総べての牛が略奪され、村民はほとんど皆殺しにされた。

 ニューギニア先住民、indigenous people in New Guinea

< indigenous people in New Guinea, They are not the people of this article.

We look at the War of the Marine people who perform slash-and-burn and breeding of a pig in the New Guinea highland. The scale of a village is hundreds.

Poaching, theft of crops, and a woman's kidnapping happen between villages, and if the dissatisfaction accumulates, it becomes war soon.

At first, the men have a pavis and a bow and arrows and gather.

They line up side by side and confront each village's member within gunshot distance, and the arrow of each other is shot. This is repeated during several weeks.

When they have not a settlement yet, they construct a row with a spear or an ax, and do a duel with one-on-one from the front, and one by one each goes a back of the row.

This may continue several months. And an armistice may be concluded for field labor.

The stage bring more deaths is an attack. A village is attacked, fire is released and a villager is slaughtered indiscriminately.

The surviving villager flees. The house and field of the village are destroyed thoroughly and a cemetery is soiled.

ニューギニア高地の焼畑農耕と豚の飼養を行うマリン族の戦争を見る。村の規模は数百名である。

集団の間で密猟、作物の窃盗、女性の誘拐が起こり,不満が溜まると戦争を行う。

最初は、約束の場所に大盾と弓矢を持って集まり、射程内に横一列で対峙し、お互い矢を射る。これを数週間繰り返すことになる。

これで解決しない時、投げ槍や斧を持ち縦列を組み、前列から一対一の決闘を行い、順次後方と交代する。

これは数ヶ月続くことがある。畑仕事の為に休戦することもある。

もっとも死者が多い段階は襲撃で、村を襲い、火を放ち、村人を無差別に殺戮する。

生き残った村人は遁走する。その村の家屋と畑を徹底的に破壊し、墓地を汚す。


 ヤノマミ族,Yanomami people

< Yanomami people

They live in the jungle with slash-and-burn and hunting and gathering in Brazil.

The village was usually connected with trade.

Occasionally, a banquet is performed and the village in alliance is invited.

A trouble may happen by the dissatisfaction of food or a present, etc., and it may develop into "a duel of striking each breast."

In front of everybody, each men go an open space from both sides, a man hold both arms behind one's back, and projected his breast.

A man knocks a rival breast by his fist at full power. This is performed until either falls down. There are not the dead.

Subsequently, there is "battle of a heavy stick."

Two men alternately knock each head with a heavy stick about 3 m length.

Since one side carries out bloodshed and falls down, both sides start to battle. If there is the death, it will develop into "an attack."

If it is a case of other villages, about ten persons' party will waylay on outskirts of the village at midnight. The raiding party kills one person, and withdraws quickly.

War of the last stage is " a deceptive attack".  They fake out the enemy and invite them to a banquet.

These indigenous people's war is old and is not in present time.


彼らはブラジルのジャングルで、焼畑農耕と狩猟採集で暮らしている。村は平時において交易で結ばれている。

時折、饗宴が行われ、同盟関係にある村が招待される。

食物や贈り物への不満などでいざこざが起こり、「胸叩きの決闘」に発展することがある。

皆の前で、双方から男が一人づつ、広場に進み出て、両手を後ろに組んで胸を突き出す。

片方が、拳骨で全力を込めて胸を殴る、これをどちらかが倒れるまで行う。死者が出ることはない。

次いで「棍棒の戦い」がある。順番に、二人が長さ3mほどの棍棒で脳天をなぐりあう。

一方が流血して倒れると、双方を支持する集団どおしの闘いになり、死者が出ると、「襲撃」に発展する。

他村の場合であれば、十数人の襲撃隊が深夜村はずれで待ち伏せする。だれか一人を殺して、すばやく撤退する。

最終戦争は前述の「だまし討ち」で、敵をいつわり饗宴に招き、多数を撲殺し、敵の女性は戦利品として分配する。

これら先住民の戦争は古いもので、現在の話ではありません。


In this way, when we look at war of a primitive society, there are some common features.

A.     The beginning war is formalized, and there are little casualties and damage.

B.     However, when casualties come out, it may escalate.

C.     If it escalates, a brake will not be effective against slaughter or pillage.






D.     The men become violent in the society where the battle is becoming commonplace.  

Human beings have accumulated the culture that reduces theft, homicide and revenge, etc. leading to a conflict.

We experienced both the great wars in the 20th century, and did we study the devices for reducing the war?


こうして未開社会の戦争を見ると、いくつかの共通点がある。

初期の戦闘は形式化されており、死傷者や被害が少ないようになっている。

しかし、死傷者が出るとエスカレートしてしまうことがある。

エスカレートしてしまうと、殺戮や略奪に歯止めが効かない。

戦闘が常態化している社会では、男は暴力的である。


人類は、紛争原因になる窃盗、殺人、復讐などを減らす文化を蓄積して来た。

同様に20世紀の両大戦を踏まえ、戦争を減らす工夫を施している。