False rumor, prejudice, blind spots ５： Trap of public construction projects ２

This time, I show the original purpose of the public construction, and a substitute plan having higher effect.

Essence of public construction

For example, a government pays 10 trillion yen to 2 million people who were employed in order to dig a hole and fill in same hole for one year.

In fact, the effect to reduce an unemployed person is the same as traditional unnecessary dam construction or roadwork.

If the built infrastructure has value, in addition, it is good.

With the following examples, let's check the value that should be produced by the public investment.

今回は、公共工事の本来の目的と、より効果の高い代替案を見ます。

公共工事の本質

例えば、穴を掘って埋め戻す作業に、２００万人を雇い１年分の給与１０兆円支出するとします。

実は、従来の不要なダム建設や道路工事と同じで、失業者を減らす効果はあります。

その箱物に価値があればなお良いのですが。

その投資によって生みだされるはずの価値を、以下の例で確認しましょう。

For example, a government pays salary to jobless people who were employed in order to do care and child rearing at their home.

Is there any merit?

There are five merits compared with public construction.

*If child rearing is helped, youth population in the future increases by the rise of a birthrate and it will bring good influence to economy and welfare.

Furthermore, woman's advance into society will be urged and national income per person will go up like Northern Europe.

* Since it is the payment to their home, it becomes an instantaneous effect, a decrease of an indirect loss, and a decrease of an import price.

Moreover, paying to low-income group that have higher consumption rate is high in economic effect.

* This labor is possible to combine with the traditional domestic labor, and a minus of the value is almost nothing.

Although the domestic labor does not appear in calculation of national economy, such as GDP, it has very big value.

In labor of public construction, this domestic labor becomes impossible and it is minus of the value.

* Like public construction, there is neither the removal of residents nor the waste of resources; therefore there is no minus of social value.

* Like public construction, the contractor is not biased to specific business, and the effect spreads evenly.

This example is thing that shows a way of thinking, but I am happy if you understand a fault of the traditional investment (public construction projects).

GDP and the economic growth rate are important indexes, but it is not all.

例えば失業者に家庭で介護や育児をしてもらい、給与を出すとどうなるでしょうか？

公共工事に比べ五つのメリットがあります。

・育児を助ければ、出生率の上昇で若年人口が増え、将来的に経済や福祉に好影響をもたらします。さらに女性の社会進出を促し、北欧のように一人当たり所得が上昇するでしょう。

・家庭への支払いなので、即効性、間接的ロス減、輸入代金減となります。低所得層への支給は消費率が高いので、さらに経済効果（乗率）は上昇します。

・     この労働は従来の家事労働との兼務が可能で、マイナスが少ない。ＧＤＰなどの国民経済の計算に出ないが、家事労働は非常に大きな価値があります。公共工事ではこの家事労働が出来なくなり、その分マイナス計上しなければならない。

・     公共工事のように、住民の立ち退きや資源の浪費がなく社会的マイナスが無い。

・     公共工事のように、支給先が特定の業界に偏らず、満遍なく効果が行き渡る。

この例は考え方を示したものですが、あなたに従来の投資(公共工事）の欠点がわかってもらえれば幸いです。

ＧＤＰや経済成長率は重要な指標ですが、それだけではないのです。

Conclusion

The purpose that the government uses valuable fiscal resources is to decrease the unemployment rate.

In addition, the purpose must be to produce the social value, and to produce the good circulation of it.

Though a financial policy is for it, there are a lot of effective means with the exception of the public construction projects.

The accumulated deficits only increase by repeating useless public construction.

結論

政府が貴重な財源を使う目的は、失業率を低下させることと、社会的な価値を生みだし、それが良い循環を生みだすようにすることなのです。

その為の財政政策ですが、公共工事以外に効果のある手段はいくらでもあるのです。

効果の無い無駄な公共工事を繰り返すだけでは、累積赤字が増大するだけです。

False rumor, prejudice, blind spots ４： Trap of public construction projects 1

 

While Japan governments explain that public construction projects are necessary for economic recovery, they have spent a tax of 10-20 trillion yen every year.

Other advanced countries have been reducing greatly it for 30 years or more.

I watch the truth of the public construction projects.

Merits and demerits of the public construction

For example, construction and engineering companies are ordered public constructions for 10 trillion yen.

And then, the order companies get capital investment and purchase materials, and the employees spend family expenses, a total of the consumption may be 8 trillion yen.

And 2 trillion yen of the remainder is saved.

This consumption is repeated successively over several years, 50 trillion yen that theoretically becomes 5 times of it will increase GDP.

Since it had been carried out every year, the unemployment rate must have fallen, and the economic growth rate must have become 10%.

However, the growth rate has been falling every year, and became 0% at last, and accumulated debt went over quadrillion yen,　and furthermore continues to increase toward an abnormal end.

景気回復に必要だからと、日本では毎年１０～２０兆円の税金を使って来ました。

他の先進国は３０年以上も前から大幅に縮小しています。

公共工事の真実を見ます。

公共工事の功罪

１０兆円が建設土木業界に発注されると、受注企業は設備投資と資材購入、給与を貰った従業員は生活費で計８兆円を消費し、残り２兆円は貯蓄をするとします。

この消費が順次に繰り返され、理論的には乗率５倍の５０兆円が数年にかけてＧＤＰ増になる。

毎年実施して来たので、失業率は低下し景気が良くなり経済成長率は１０％になるはずでした。

しかし成長率は年々低下し、ついに０％になり、累積債務は１０００兆円を越えて増え続けています。

＜　a dam construction　　＞

Why didn't Japan’s economy recover?

A multiplying factor of the economic effect has been falling every year, and became 1.3 or less, and the actual economic effect was low.

Because companies and people have felt uneasiness against their future, the companies reduced capital investment, and the people cut down consumption from the falling income in order to sock away money furthermore.

It is the reason.

In addition, because the difference of wealth and poverty became large, the property is gathering to the wealthy class that has few consumption rates

The economic effect decreases further because a fiscal resource of public construction projects is a loan.

The effect is theoretically only same 10 trillion yen that the government spent if it invests by the tax increase.

なぜ景気は回復しなかったのか？

l       経済効果の乗率は年々低下し１．３以下になり、実際の経済効果は低かった。

理由は、企業や国民は将来に不安を抱き、企業は設備投資を減らし、国民は低下する所得から、貯蓄に回す為にそれ以上に消費を減らしたからです。

さらに貧富の差が大きくなったことで、消費率が少ない富裕層に富みが増えているからです。

l       公共投資の財源は借入金なので、効果はさらに低下。

増税分で投資するなら、理論的に政府支出額と同じ１０兆円の効果しかない（累積債務が増えると同様）。

 

 What of public construction is the problem?

If public construction is stopped, the economy will get worse and remaining things will become only an immense cumulative deficit.

A mild diabetic lowers the blood sugar level by insulin and repeats gluttony, and became seriously injured.

Its process is same as so of public construction.

Japanese economy is in such a severe situation that a self-sustaining recovery is impossible except that Bank of Japan scatters much money with zero interest rates.

Japanese economy compensated by big spender's public construction and was maintaining in zero economic growth somehow.

The worst situation will approach in the near future if we don’t escape from this vicious circle as soon as possible.

Next time, I show essential role of public construction, and an alternative solution.

公共工事の何が問題か？

公共工事を止めれば経済は悪化し、残ったのは莫大な累積赤字だけになる。

それは、軽度の糖尿病患者がインスリンで血糖値を下げ、飽食を繰り返し、重傷になってしまったのと同じです。

日本経済は日銀がゼロ金利でお金をばらまくぐらいでは、自律回復が出来ないほど酷い状況にあるのです。

その悪化を金食い虫の公共工事で埋め合わせ、なんとかゼロ成長を維持していたのです。

出来るだけ早く、この悪循環を脱しないと、最悪の事態が目前に迫っているかもしれません。

次回は、公共工事の本来の役割を探り、その役割を叶える代替案を提示します。

In Kyoto of spring: Kyoto Imperial Garden, my lunch, and Sanjusangendo Temple.

 

＜　a wall of The Sentō Imperial Palace ＞

I met my friends in Kyoto on May 7.

I strolled in Kyoto Imperial Garden in this morning, and after the lunch, visited Sanjusangendo Temple.

5月7日、京都で友人と会いました。

午前中、京都御苑を散歩し、昼食後、三十三間堂を見学した。

＜　a map of Kyoto Imperial Garden　＞

Kyoto Imperial Garden was emperor's Imperial Palace for about 1000 years.

I was surprised for the vast park that extended 700 meters from east to west, and 1300 meters from north to south.

The place where I strolled was a red oval part on above map.

Green was deep, and red of the azalea was impressive.

Foreign tourists were conspicuous although there were few people.

京都御苑は千年間、天皇の皇居だった。

東西７００ｍ、南北１３００ｍの広大な敷地にびっくりしました。

私が散歩したのは赤い楕円部のみです。

緑が濃く、ツツジの赤が印象的でした。

人は少なかったが、外国人観光客が目立った。

＜　Higashiyama mountain is seen far away　＞

＜　Bridge laid in a pond and a small Shinto shrine　＞

＜　a tearoom house was seen beyond a island ＞

Young travelers from foreign countries are looking at the carps in the pond.

The style of pond in the Japanese garden has been condensed here.

海外からの若い旅行者が池の鯉を見ている。

日本庭園の池の様式が凝縮されている。

＜　Tearoom house of 200 years ago　＞

This tearoom house was seen from the pond a little.

この茶室は、池の奥に少し見えていた。

＜　a residence of a court noble of 400 years ago　＞

The residence becomes the administrative office of this park.

邸宅は公園管理事務所になっている。

＜　Sakaimachi gate of this palace facing the Marutamachi Street　＞

I feel more dignity in the black color of this gate.

落ち着いた黒に風情を感じます。

＜　lunch and a garden in restaurant　＞

A pond, a stone lantern, high trees, and low trees have been distributed skillfully.

I seemed to exist in deep woods, though it is a small garden.

小さな庭だが、池、石灯籠、低木と高木が巧みに配され、深い自然の中にいるようだ。

＜　1000 statues of Sanjusangendo Temple　（borrowing phot）＞

I was more impressed by the appearance of 1000 statues of goddess.

I saw these in 55 years before.

When I was child, was I impressed by these statues that had been made in 800 years ago?

Blessed with fine weather, I talked pleasantly with friends and I felt a Japanese tradition.

５５年ぶりに見る、千体の観音像の姿に感動した。

平清盛が８００年前に造営したこれらに、幼い私は感動したのだろうか？

天候に恵まれ、友と歓談し、日本の伝統を感じた1日でした。

Something is strange. 25 : Whose is the patent? ４

＜　Professor Yamanaka has a Nobel Prize based on the iPS cell research　＞

This time article becomes a summary.

Is what in the background?

Even though the number of patent applications in Japan is world leading, there are few epoch-making things.

A reason for increasing the numbers is based on a patent application method.

Inventions in Japan are superior by the improvement of technique and product, but there are few things that introduced launching of new industries.

Though an epoch-making iPS cell research arose domestically, many Japan’s brains often succeeds still only in the United States

This difference is a problem.

Moreover, the government is positive to liberalization of the employment dismissal from company.

The method is just opposite although I can understand the necessity for worker transfer from declining industry or company.

Making of groundwork in that workers and engineers (implementer or researcher) can aim at the new world are necessary.

Excellent retired engineers are pulled out to foreign countries, and cause a technological outflow frequently.

As for the U.S. where new industry occurs frequently, and Germany where economy is strong, patent right is granted to employees.

If you know the details, please teach me.

まとめになります。

背景にあるもの

日本は出願件数こそ世界有数ですが、画期的なものは少ない。

数が多いのは特許の出願方式によるものです。

技術や製品の改善や応用で優れるが、産業を興すものは少ない。

画期的なiPS細胞研究が国内で生まれたが、やはり日本の頭脳はアメリカでこそ成功する場合が多い。

この違いが問題です。

また政府は企業による従業員解雇の自由化に積極的です。

衰退産業や企業からの労働者転出の必要性は理解出来るが、方法が真逆です。

労働者、とりわけ技術者（開発・研究）が新天地を目指せるような下地作りが必要です。

退職した優秀な技術者は、海外に引き抜かれ、技術流出を頻発させるだけです。

新規産業が頻出する米国、経済が強いドイツは、従業員に特許権が与えられている。（詳細を知っている方は教えて下さい）

＜　Many gene analyses machines were put on a private laboratory of China ＞

On the other hand, some people might have a sense of discomfort by dealing preferentially with employee invention.

A present invention might spend a large amount of expense and time by cooperation.

Moreover, even if the patent can be approved, the patents to contribute to the profit of the company greatly are only handful.

Naturally, in a company, the income of the result of the invention and outgo of a large amount of research cost must balance.

Therefore, it will not be said that a lot of inventions are ability or past results of one person.

On the other hand, the salesman and the manager have a favor of the performance evaluation etc.

The copyright also protects individual rights.

一方、職務発明が優遇されることに違和感を持たれるかもしれません。

現在の発明は、共同による多額の費用と時間をかけて行うことがあります。

また特許が取れても、会社の利益に大きく貢献するものは、ほんの一握りです。

当然、企業は発明の成果と多額の研究費との収支が釣り合わなければなりません。

したがって多くの発明は一人の能力や実績によるものとは言えないでしょう。

一方、営業マンや経営・管理者は業績評価などの恩恵があります。

著作権なども個人の権利を保護しています。

Let's change a view for a bit.

In work ethic of Japan, there is a tendency to disregard a talent of individual and an inspiration, because the people lay weight on the effort of individual and the appeasement of the office.

After all, Japanese society as a whole is regarding the evaluation of invention as low.

It is a cause of stagnating the employee invention.

少し見方を変えてみましょう

日本の労働観では、努力と職場の宥和に重きを置くあまり、個人の才能やひらめきを軽視する傾向にあります。

結局、社会全体が発明への評価を低く見ているのです。

このことが、回りまわって職務発明を停滞させている一因なのです。

＜　Yamanaka professor's laboratory　＞

At the end, summary

For the revitalization of Japanese economy, a new technology and industry that provides competitiveness have to be produced.

For that, it is necessary to rouse the desire for the invention and the entrepreneurship.

Therefore, it is necessary to distribute the result of patent to the employee and the individual.

The important is not only a superficial policy (monetary policy), has to be a conversion that gives birth to revitalization and the reformation.

最後に、まとめます。

日本経済の活性には、競争力のある新しい技術と産業を生みだすことです。

そのためには発明や起業への意欲を喚起すべきです。

特許の成果を従業員や個人に分与することは、その為に必要です。

重要なことは、小手先（金融政策）だけでなく、活性や革新を生む転換なのです。

Something is strange. 24 : Whose is the patent? 3

＜　Edison and light bulb　＞

I consider what role the patent right should play for the economic activation.

The hint was in an economic history of the world.

Having observed an economic tide, the economic development became possible just when civic rights were secured.

The personal proprietary rights, such as land ownership, property right, patent right, are the examples.

Some personal proprietary rights have advanced from ancient Roman times.

The Industrial Revolution of Britain is a fine example that patent right acted on effectively.

Conversely, it may be said that the communist state collapsed by depriving the people of personal proprietary rights.

今回、経済活性化には特許権は如何にあるべきかを考えます。

ヒントは世界経済史にあります。

経済の流れを見ると、市民の権利が保障されてこそ経済発展が可能になる。

土地所有権や財産権、特許権などの私的所有権がその例です。

古代ローマ時代から私的所有権は進んだ。

英国の産業革命は特許権が有効に働いた好例です。

逆に共産主義国家は私的所有権を剥奪したことで崩壊したと言える。

＜　Moscow citizens who confront coup d'etat in 1991　＞

In Europe of the 19th century, previous privileged industrial restrictions were abolished, liberalized incorporated company became popular, and accomplished industrialization.

In the Edo Period of Japan, merchant guilds were similarly abolished to decrease prices.

The upgrading of legal systems is indispensable for the activation of economy and industry like this.

The conclusion: Completely taking the patent rights from the employees is sure to move the economic activation backward.

Japan is still eager in the preservation of the vested interest and the existing system.

The tendency moves the government backward.

Through the accumulation of these policies, Japan’s economy has stagnated more and more.

１９ 世紀のヨーロッパは、それまでの特権的な産業規制を廃止し、自由化された株式会社が定着し、工業化を成し遂げた。

日本の江戸時代、物価低下のために株仲間解散令が出されたことがある。

このように経済や産業の活性化には法整備が不可欠なのです。

結論：従業員から完全に特許権を取り上げることは経済活性化に逆行します。

日本の社会は数十年来の垢が溜まり続けているにも関わらず、いまだに既得権益や既存システムの温存に熱心です。

その風潮が、政府を「特許権を従業員から取り上げる」に向かわせるのです。

これらの積み重ねが益々、経済を益々停滞させているのです。

I show how the patent leads to economic activation.

In order for Japanese economy to escape from a long slump, current reflationary policy is also required, but the rise of new industry is more indispensable.

"The exit strategy and the fiscal reconstruction are necessary,” this phrase that was pointed out with this G8 mean that the reflationary policy is a temporary policy.

特許が経済活性化にどのように繋がるかを見ます。

日本経済が長期低迷から脱するには、リフレ策のようなカンフル注射も必要ですが、新しい産業の勃興が不可欠です。

今回のG8で指摘された、「出口戦略、財政再建が必要」がリフレ策を一時しのぎの政策だと言うことを物語っています。

＜　G8 summit　＞

Major manufacturing industry in Japan became the de-industrialization, and Japan is changing to development center.

All the developed countries reduced the ratio of the manufacturing industry, and Japan will not be able to overturn it by temporary weak yen.

Therefore, Japan government makes a system that gives employees the distribution of revenue from the patent, and it should rouse the invention will.

Moreover, it is necessary to leave the individual the patent rights, and to promote the birth of the venture company.

This is very backward in Japan.

Next time is the last of the patent.

日本の主要製造業は産業の空洞化を招き、国内は開発センター化しています。

先進国はすべて製造業の比重を低下させており、一時の円安でそれを覆すことは出来ないでしょう。

されば、特許による成果配分を従業員に与える制度を設定し、それが発明意欲を喚起すべきです。

また個人に特許権を残し、ベンチャー企業の誕生を促すべきです。

日本はこれが非常に遅れています。

次回は、最後になります。

History of sickness and medical art ３: Start of the cure ２

 

Following last article, I search for the oldest cure.

Method to exclude the epidermal parasites alone.

An elephant and a buffalo, etc. exclude the epidermal parasites by covered of sand, and rolling.

The chimpanzee changes a place on a tree every day and makes new nest.

If the chimpanzee sleeps in the same place, he spread out new sprig on the nest.

This is to control the growth of the crab louse that causes the skin disease.

The human race evolved in the direction that loses hair in taking measure for crab louse about 1,200,000 years ago.

前回に続いて、最古の治療を探ります。

表皮の寄生虫を自分で除く方法

象やバッファローなどは砂を被ったり、転がったりして寄生虫を除去しています。

チンパンジーは木の上に毎日場所を変えて巣を作るのですが、同じ場所に寝る場合は新しい小枝を敷き直します。

これは皮膚病を招くケジラミの発生を抑制する為と考えられます。

人類は、約１２０万年前、このシラミ対策で毛を無くす方向に進化した。

<  A nest of chimpanzee >

The oldest type among the care of health to others.

In that context, isn't a symbiosis of cleaning fishes in a tropical coral reef the oldest type?

A little cleaning fish enter a large fish's mouth, and can get bait while the fish was protected.

Interestingly, the both of them became familiarity mutually and have obtained profits mutually.

他者への養生で最も古いタイプ

熱帯の珊瑚礁で、掃除魚の共生が最も古いタイプではないでしょうか。

小柄な掃除魚が大魚の口の中に入り、身を守ってもらいながら餌にありつけるのです。

大魚は口内を清掃してもらい、移動したくなれば口を少し閉じ、掃除魚は口から出ていきます。

おもしろいことに、互いに馴染みになり相互に利益を得ているのです。

<  A symbiosis of cleaning fishes >

Does the animal understand other pains?

The university in Canada and the United States confirmed the mouse reacted to other pains by the experiment.

When a mouse that was putted in a glass vessel is given the pain by a medicine or an electroshock, other mouse that has seen the pain becomes sensitive and shows a similar pain reaction (expansion of the body etc.).

When a mouse noticed that the cause of giving the pain is in his operation, treading on a pedal was conditioned in advance by an experiment, the mouse comes to stop the operation.

If the mouse that receives a pain is unfamiliar one, in the case of a male, the sensitivity becomes low unlike a female.

動物は他者の痛みがわかるのだろうか？

カナダやアメリカの大学でマウスが他者の痛みに反応することを実験で確認した。

ガラス容器に入れられたマウスが薬や電気ショックにより痛みを与えられると、それを見たマウスも痛みに敏感になり、また同様の痛み反応（体の伸張など）を示す。

痛みを与える原因が自分の動作（実験で条件付けらえたペダル踏みなど）にある場合は、相手の痛みの反応を見て止めるようになる。

雄の場合、雌と違って、その痛みを受ける者が、知らない者であればその感受性は鈍る。

いつも愛情深いのは女性のようです。

Summary

l       It is universal in varying degrees that the animal gives the prevention and cure of sickness by oneself.

l       The chimpanzee is adequately selecting and practicing a cure that they get out the parasitic insect of intestines. It is a kind of food culture.

l       Caring for the others and recuperating oneself deepened with development of intelligence. Development of reciprocal altruistic behavior.

l       Development of ability to sympathize with other pains. A mirror neuron that produces sympathy exists in brain.

Conclusion

By cerebral evolution, the animal performed better exactly the sick prevention and the cure.

And the caring for others has been developed by the development of sympathy.

Though the behavior in the first stage had been ruled by the inheritance, after that, the acquired thing became important.

まとめ

l       動物が自ら病の予防や治療を行うことは、程度の差はあれ普遍的。

l       チンパンジーは、腸内の病源を除く治療を的確に選択実行している。食文化の一種。

l       他者を介護し養生することは知能の発達と共に深まった。互恵的利他行動。

l       他者の痛みに共感する能力の発達。共感を生むミラーニューロンが脳に存在。

結論

脳の進化により、動物は病の予防と治療をより的確に行い、感情や共感の発展により他者の介護を発展させた。初期は遺伝に支配されていたが、後に後天的なものが重要になっていった。