False rumor, prejudice, blind spots 7; Danced currency 2

We look back on the situation that a crack hand by which Finance Minister Takahashi saved Japan will invite destruction before long.

Why was the gold standard stopped?

The gold standard is to promise to exchange money which country publishes with gold.

Therefore, because the country couldn't supply money excessively, the currency was trusted.

However, unless production or acquisition of gold increase, the country cannot supply additionally money.

It invites deflation, and then economic recessions.

Oppositely, the silver mining of ancient Athens or the gold looting from South America in Spain brought about prosperity to each nation by issuing additional coins.

In this way, each country repeated adoption and stop of the gold standard many times from the end of the 19th century.

                                            

蔵相高橋是清の救国の妙手が、やがて破滅を招く様子を振り返ります。

なぜ金本位制を停止したのか

金本位制は、国が発行する貨幣と金の交換を約束するものです。

これにより紙幣の乱発が出来ないので、通貨が信用されたのです。

しかし金の産出や入手が増えない限り、通貨の増発が出来ず、デフレを招き経済は低迷しました。

逆に、古代アテネの銀採掘やスペインの南米からの金略奪は、硬貨増発によって繁栄をもたらしたのです。

こうして各国は１９世紀末から幾度も金本位制の採用と停止を繰り返していました。

A deficit bond and an undertaking of the Bank of Japan

In a simple term, it is that the Bank of Japan issues as many money as the government wants. 

In 1931, Finance Minister Takahashi extended the currency issuance limit of the Bank of Japan from 120 million yen to 1 billion yen.

Then the government was able to enrich the finance without difficulty.

The gross national product in that year was 1,400 million yen, and we can understand it is a large amount.

赤字国債と日銀引き受け

これは簡単に言うと、日銀が政府の欲しいだけの紙幣を発行することです。

３１年、蔵相高橋は日銀券の発行限度を１．２億円から１０億円に拡大し、国は苦もなく財政を潤すことが出来たのです。

この年の国民総生産は１４億円で、如何に巨額かがわかります。

＜　February 26th Incident, a coup, a photo by a movie　＞

In 1935, Finance Minister Takahashi feels a danger, and starts the military expense compression for a gradual decrease of the government bond issue.

But the military that got angry with this procedure assassinated him (February 26th Incident).

In this way, the military secured the revenues for rushing from Manchurian Incident to Sino-Japanese War in 1937.

After that, the government that was led by the military authorities continued huge bond issuance.

The inflation before and behind World War II became from 16% to 125%.

In the end, people had to pay heavily compensation, and changed it for a temporary relief.

３５年、高橋蔵相は危険を感じ、国債発行漸減のために軍事費圧縮に乗り出します。

だがこれに怒った軍部は彼を暗殺します（二・二六事件）。

こうして軍部は満州事変から３７年の日中戦争へと突き進む財源を確保したのです。

その後、軍部主導の政府によって膨大な国債発行が続いた。

第二次世界大戦前後のインフレは１６％から１２５％へと突き進んだ。

国民は一時期の安堵に替えて、大きな代償を払うことになったのです。

Conclusion

A crack hand of his magic saved the painful economy many times.

At the end, it was misused, and Japan rushed the way of a catastrophe.

When a nation has touched a forbidden fruit once, even if the nation wishes to stop it, powerful vested interests will obstruct it.

The present public construction is also the same.

The world and Japan fear to adopt this crack hand from the regret of this history.

まとめ

彼の魔法の一手は苦境の経済を幾度も救った。

しかし最後には悪用され、破局の道を突き進むことになった。

一度、禁断の実に手をつけると常習になり、それを止めようとしても、強力な権益勢力が阻むことになる。

現在の公共投資も同様です。

この歴史の反省から、必要な場合もありますが、世界は上記の手法を恐れて来たのです。

＜　the Bank of Japan　　＞

An important thing is that we know the fear of currency issue and financial policy, and stop a reckless operation.

We must secure the independence of the Bank of Japan at least.

Next time, we will study world crises of the same period in the United States

大事なことは、通貨発行と金融政策の恐ろしさを皆さんが知り、暴走を止める手立てを確保することです。

少なくとも日銀の独立性を確保することは最低限守るべきことです。

次回は、同時期の世界恐慌を招いたアメリカから教訓を学びます。

False rumor, prejudice, blind spots 6; Danced currency 1

＜　高橋是清,　Korekiyo Takahashi   ＞

I look back on a time of the tragedy that financial policy trifled at.

I introduce Takahashi who challenged and saved the depression of from Taisho Period to Showa Period.

The contributor was assassinated at the end, and his last resort became a sarcastic result of forgiving reckless driving to military nation.

The currency is so terrible thing.

He is the Finance Minister whom actor Nishida played well in a NHK drama.

He was like to potbelly doll that wore a moustache, and was popular among the people because he was disinterested.

Between 1913 and 1936, he held the Finance Minister posts five times, and the Prime Minister post.

金融政策に翻弄された悲劇の時代を振り返ります。

大正から昭和の恐慌に挑み、それを救った高橋是清に迫ります。

貢献した彼は最後に暗殺され、彼の苦肉の策は軍事国家への暴走をゆるす皮肉な結果となったのです。

通貨はかくも恐ろしいものなのです。

彼はNHKドラマ「坂の上の雲」で西田敏行が好演した蔵相です。

彼は髭を蓄えただるまさんのようで、苦労人で無欲だったので国民に人気があった。

彼は１９１３年から３６年までに大蔵大臣5回と総理大臣1回とを歴任した。

The world of those days

At the time when he took an active part, there were an outbreak of World War I, and, next, world depression.

Furthermore the time advanced to World War II that became a large trouble before long,

On the other hand, Japan established a bridgehead of invading to continent by Russo-Japanese War, and went on an outbreak of Manchurian incident before long.

Since military expansions were repeated in Japan, the war expenditure had spent from 10% to 70% of national budgets.

当時の世界は

彼が活躍した頃の世界は、第一次世界大戦勃発、次いで世界恐慌、やがて第二次世界大戦へと進む大波乱の時代でした。

一方日本は、日露戦争によって大陸侵略のあしかがりを得、やがて満州事変勃発へと向かっていた。

日本の財政は度重なる軍拡で、国家予算の１０～７０％を軍事費に費やしていた。

The world economy was in good condition at the head of U.S., Germany, and Britain, and Japan was also growing rapidly after the Meiji Restoration.

Since the 19th century, overseas trade was continuing expansion mainly in Europe.

However, two great wars exhausted the world economy rapidly, and each country came to be confused by the exchange, finance, and the monetary.

At that time, economic boom, inflation, deflation, and depression surged repeatedly.

Cleverness of Takahashi

At first, he showed an uncommon talent as he succeeded to raise funds for the Russo-Japanese War by external bonds issuance.

The amount of money was about half of the gross national product, or the war cost, and made war possible.

Naturally the people must pay back this amount of money later.

At Showa financial panic in 1927, he hit many countermeasures quickly, and there is an interesting episode.

He printed paper money only for one side in large quantities, and piled it up on the store of the bank, and let a run on many banks calm.

世界経済は米独英を筆頭に好調で、日本も明治維新後急成長しつつあった。

１９世紀以来、ヨーロッパを中心に海外貿易が拡大を続けていた。

しかし二つの大戦は世界経済を急激に疲弊させ、各国は為替や財政、金融で混乱していくことになる。

当時は好景気、インフレ、デフレ、恐慌が繰り返し押し寄せた。

高橋是清の英明

彼が最初に尋常でない才能を発揮したのは、日露戦争の戦費調達を外債発行で成功させたことです。

その金額は当時の国民総生産や戦費のほぼ半分になり、戦端を開くことを可能にした。

当然、後に国民はこの金額を返済することになるのですが。

２７年の昭和金融恐慌のおり、彼は素早く数々の対策を打ったが、おもしろいエピソードがあります。

彼は片面だけの紙幣を大量に印刷し銀行の店頭に積み上げ、取付け騒ぎを沈静化させた。

In 1931, he saved Japan from the world financial crisis by a way of magic.

It was the stop (embargo on the export of gold) of the gold standard, and large increase of the government expenditure that was accepted by the Bank of Japan.

As a result, the deflation is settled, the trade expands, and business has recovered remarkably.

This continues to the next time.

３１年、彼は世界恐慌から日本を魔法の一手で救うことになった。

それは金本位制の停止（金輸出禁止）と日銀引き受けによる政府支出の大幅増額でした。

これによってデフレは収束し、貿易は伸張し景気は著しく回復した。

次回に続きます。

New fables of Aesop ６： an island in which human lived

 

Once upon a time, a rich green island was located in the southern sea which sunlight pours.

One high mountain predominated at the center of the island.

People who arrived at the island by canoes have begun to live.

Before long they had come to live along the all coast dividing into a lot of tribes.

They fished and plowed the field and got wood and birds and beasts in the mountain.

They praised a god in appreciation for many blessings of nature.

One old man said at a certain time.

"Although the foot of the mountain was filled with the fields and its harvest increased, I feel that wildlife and wood of the mountain are decreasing by comparing to ancient times."

Probably since the forest decreased, many landslides came to be frequent when it rained, and the field came to dry immediately when it was fine.

However, everybody was satisfied with the daily life and was not worried.

When they became uneasy, each tribe prayed for rain with great eclat by making a big altar.

Each tribe made a lot of god’s statue that is larger by competing.

Only an own tribe wished that there were maximum divine grace.

And moreover time passed.

昔々、陽光が降り注ぐ南の海に緑豊かな島がありました。

その島の真ん中には高い山が一つ聳えていました。

カヌーに乗って島にたどり着いた人々は住み始めました。

やがて島を取り巻く海岸には多くの部族に分かれて暮らすようになりました。

彼らは漁をし、畑を耕し、山からは木材や鳥獣を得ていました。

彼らは自然の恵みに感謝し、神を讃えました。

ある時、一人の老人が言いました。

「山の裾は畑で一杯になって収穫が増えたが、昔に比べて山の鳥獣や材木が減ったような気がする。」

樹林が減った為か、雨が降れば土砂崩れが頻発し、晴れると畑はすぐ乾燥するようになりました。

しかし、皆は日々の暮らしに満足し、心配することはありませんでした。

不安になると、それぞれの部族は大きな祭壇を作り、雨乞いを盛大に行いました。

部族は競うように、より大きい多くの神像を作りました。

自らの部族こそが神の最大の御加護があらんと願ったのです。

それから、また歳月が流れました。

"It is serious!  Neighbor fellows began to cut the tree of our mountain!"

A young man breathlessly came.

A tribe's meeting was held.

"I always thought that it was strange. The decreased wildlife had been caused by the neighbor fellows ".

“ Everybody revenge!"

"Let's crush eyes of neighbor's god's statue, and pull down it. "

「大変だ！　隣の奴らが我々の山の木を切り始めたぞ！」

青年が息せき切って飛び込んで来ました。

部族の会議が開かれました。

「以前から、おかしいと思っていたのだ。獲物が減ったのは隣の奴らのせいだったのだ。」

「皆で、仕返しだ！」

「奴らの神像の目を潰し、倒そう！」

The last day came at last.

All tribes killed each other mutually, and scrambled for everything in the mountain and the fields in order to live.

Finally, the mountain became nudity.

Even if they wish to escape from the island, the wood that builds a ship was lost.

The island that was a paradise became the hell then.

とうとう最後の日が訪れました。

すべての部族が互いに殺し合い、生きるために山や畑の総べてを奪い合いました。

最後に、山は丸裸になり、島から逃げようとしても船を造る木材すらなくなっていました。

あれほど楽園だった島は、今や阿鼻叫喚の地獄となった。

After hundreds of years, a mariner looked at fallen merciless moai statue of about 1000, and a desolate island.

It was the Easter Island.

Why would the people didn’t pay attention to a disaster (depletion of resources) that happen surely?

Although a lot of civilizations have cleared the path by rare capability, but soon it became self-conceited and ruined oneself in many cases.

数百年後、そこを訪れた航海者の目に映ったのは、千体近い倒れた無惨なモアイ像と荒れ果てたイースタ島だけでした。

なぜ人々は、確実に起こる災厄（資源の枯渇）に目をつむったのだろうか？

多くの文明は、その類希な能力によって道を切り開いたが、やがて慢心し身を滅ぼすことも多かったのです。

False rumor, prejudice, blind spots ５： Trap of public construction projects ２

This time, I show the original purpose of the public construction, and a substitute plan having higher effect.

Essence of public construction

For example, a government pays 10 trillion yen to 2 million people who were employed in order to dig a hole and fill in same hole for one year.

In fact, the effect to reduce an unemployed person is the same as traditional unnecessary dam construction or roadwork.

If the built infrastructure has value, in addition, it is good.

With the following examples, let's check the value that should be produced by the public investment.

今回は、公共工事の本来の目的と、より効果の高い代替案を見ます。

公共工事の本質

例えば、穴を掘って埋め戻す作業に、２００万人を雇い１年分の給与１０兆円支出するとします。

実は、従来の不要なダム建設や道路工事と同じで、失業者を減らす効果はあります。

その箱物に価値があればなお良いのですが。

その投資によって生みだされるはずの価値を、以下の例で確認しましょう。

For example, a government pays salary to jobless people who were employed in order to do care and child rearing at their home.

Is there any merit?

There are five merits compared with public construction.

*If child rearing is helped, youth population in the future increases by the rise of a birthrate and it will bring good influence to economy and welfare.

Furthermore, woman's advance into society will be urged and national income per person will go up like Northern Europe.

* Since it is the payment to their home, it becomes an instantaneous effect, a decrease of an indirect loss, and a decrease of an import price.

Moreover, paying to low-income group that have higher consumption rate is high in economic effect.

* This labor is possible to combine with the traditional domestic labor, and a minus of the value is almost nothing.

Although the domestic labor does not appear in calculation of national economy, such as GDP, it has very big value.

In labor of public construction, this domestic labor becomes impossible and it is minus of the value.

* Like public construction, there is neither the removal of residents nor the waste of resources; therefore there is no minus of social value.

* Like public construction, the contractor is not biased to specific business, and the effect spreads evenly.

This example is thing that shows a way of thinking, but I am happy if you understand a fault of the traditional investment (public construction projects).

GDP and the economic growth rate are important indexes, but it is not all.

例えば失業者に家庭で介護や育児をしてもらい、給与を出すとどうなるでしょうか？

公共工事に比べ五つのメリットがあります。

・育児を助ければ、出生率の上昇で若年人口が増え、将来的に経済や福祉に好影響をもたらします。さらに女性の社会進出を促し、北欧のように一人当たり所得が上昇するでしょう。

・家庭への支払いなので、即効性、間接的ロス減、輸入代金減となります。低所得層への支給は消費率が高いので、さらに経済効果（乗率）は上昇します。

・     この労働は従来の家事労働との兼務が可能で、マイナスが少ない。ＧＤＰなどの国民経済の計算に出ないが、家事労働は非常に大きな価値があります。公共工事ではこの家事労働が出来なくなり、その分マイナス計上しなければならない。

・     公共工事のように、住民の立ち退きや資源の浪費がなく社会的マイナスが無い。

・     公共工事のように、支給先が特定の業界に偏らず、満遍なく効果が行き渡る。

この例は考え方を示したものですが、あなたに従来の投資(公共工事）の欠点がわかってもらえれば幸いです。

ＧＤＰや経済成長率は重要な指標ですが、それだけではないのです。

Conclusion

The purpose that the government uses valuable fiscal resources is to decrease the unemployment rate.

In addition, the purpose must be to produce the social value, and to produce the good circulation of it.

Though a financial policy is for it, there are a lot of effective means with the exception of the public construction projects.

The accumulated deficits only increase by repeating useless public construction.

結論

政府が貴重な財源を使う目的は、失業率を低下させることと、社会的な価値を生みだし、それが良い循環を生みだすようにすることなのです。

その為の財政政策ですが、公共工事以外に効果のある手段はいくらでもあるのです。

効果の無い無駄な公共工事を繰り返すだけでは、累積赤字が増大するだけです。

False rumor, prejudice, blind spots ４： Trap of public construction projects 1

 

While Japan governments explain that public construction projects are necessary for economic recovery, they have spent a tax of 10-20 trillion yen every year.

Other advanced countries have been reducing greatly it for 30 years or more.

I watch the truth of the public construction projects.

Merits and demerits of the public construction

For example, construction and engineering companies are ordered public constructions for 10 trillion yen.

And then, the order companies get capital investment and purchase materials, and the employees spend family expenses, a total of the consumption may be 8 trillion yen.

And 2 trillion yen of the remainder is saved.

This consumption is repeated successively over several years, 50 trillion yen that theoretically becomes 5 times of it will increase GDP.

Since it had been carried out every year, the unemployment rate must have fallen, and the economic growth rate must have become 10%.

However, the growth rate has been falling every year, and became 0% at last, and accumulated debt went over quadrillion yen,　and furthermore continues to increase toward an abnormal end.

景気回復に必要だからと、日本では毎年１０～２０兆円の税金を使って来ました。

他の先進国は３０年以上も前から大幅に縮小しています。

公共工事の真実を見ます。

公共工事の功罪

１０兆円が建設土木業界に発注されると、受注企業は設備投資と資材購入、給与を貰った従業員は生活費で計８兆円を消費し、残り２兆円は貯蓄をするとします。

この消費が順次に繰り返され、理論的には乗率５倍の５０兆円が数年にかけてＧＤＰ増になる。

毎年実施して来たので、失業率は低下し景気が良くなり経済成長率は１０％になるはずでした。

しかし成長率は年々低下し、ついに０％になり、累積債務は１０００兆円を越えて増え続けています。

＜　a dam construction　　＞

Why didn't Japan’s economy recover?

A multiplying factor of the economic effect has been falling every year, and became 1.3 or less, and the actual economic effect was low.

Because companies and people have felt uneasiness against their future, the companies reduced capital investment, and the people cut down consumption from the falling income in order to sock away money furthermore.

It is the reason.

In addition, because the difference of wealth and poverty became large, the property is gathering to the wealthy class that has few consumption rates

The economic effect decreases further because a fiscal resource of public construction projects is a loan.

The effect is theoretically only same 10 trillion yen that the government spent if it invests by the tax increase.

なぜ景気は回復しなかったのか？

l       経済効果の乗率は年々低下し１．３以下になり、実際の経済効果は低かった。

理由は、企業や国民は将来に不安を抱き、企業は設備投資を減らし、国民は低下する所得から、貯蓄に回す為にそれ以上に消費を減らしたからです。

さらに貧富の差が大きくなったことで、消費率が少ない富裕層に富みが増えているからです。

l       公共投資の財源は借入金なので、効果はさらに低下。

増税分で投資するなら、理論的に政府支出額と同じ１０兆円の効果しかない（累積債務が増えると同様）。

 

 What of public construction is the problem?

If public construction is stopped, the economy will get worse and remaining things will become only an immense cumulative deficit.

A mild diabetic lowers the blood sugar level by insulin and repeats gluttony, and became seriously injured.

Its process is same as so of public construction.

Japanese economy is in such a severe situation that a self-sustaining recovery is impossible except that Bank of Japan scatters much money with zero interest rates.

Japanese economy compensated by big spender's public construction and was maintaining in zero economic growth somehow.

The worst situation will approach in the near future if we don’t escape from this vicious circle as soon as possible.

Next time, I show essential role of public construction, and an alternative solution.

公共工事の何が問題か？

公共工事を止めれば経済は悪化し、残ったのは莫大な累積赤字だけになる。

それは、軽度の糖尿病患者がインスリンで血糖値を下げ、飽食を繰り返し、重傷になってしまったのと同じです。

日本経済は日銀がゼロ金利でお金をばらまくぐらいでは、自律回復が出来ないほど酷い状況にあるのです。

その悪化を金食い虫の公共工事で埋め合わせ、なんとかゼロ成長を維持していたのです。

出来るだけ早く、この悪循環を脱しないと、最悪の事態が目前に迫っているかもしれません。

次回は、公共工事の本来の役割を探り、その役割を叶える代替案を提示します。

In Kyoto of spring: Kyoto Imperial Garden, my lunch, and Sanjusangendo Temple.

 

＜　a wall of The Sentō Imperial Palace ＞

I met my friends in Kyoto on May 7.

I strolled in Kyoto Imperial Garden in this morning, and after the lunch, visited Sanjusangendo Temple.

5月7日、京都で友人と会いました。

午前中、京都御苑を散歩し、昼食後、三十三間堂を見学した。

＜　a map of Kyoto Imperial Garden　＞

Kyoto Imperial Garden was emperor's Imperial Palace for about 1000 years.

I was surprised for the vast park that extended 700 meters from east to west, and 1300 meters from north to south.

The place where I strolled was a red oval part on above map.

Green was deep, and red of the azalea was impressive.

Foreign tourists were conspicuous although there were few people.

京都御苑は千年間、天皇の皇居だった。

東西７００ｍ、南北１３００ｍの広大な敷地にびっくりしました。

私が散歩したのは赤い楕円部のみです。

緑が濃く、ツツジの赤が印象的でした。

人は少なかったが、外国人観光客が目立った。

＜　Higashiyama mountain is seen far away　＞

＜　Bridge laid in a pond and a small Shinto shrine　＞

＜　a tearoom house was seen beyond a island ＞

Young travelers from foreign countries are looking at the carps in the pond.

The style of pond in the Japanese garden has been condensed here.

海外からの若い旅行者が池の鯉を見ている。

日本庭園の池の様式が凝縮されている。

＜　Tearoom house of 200 years ago　＞

This tearoom house was seen from the pond a little.

この茶室は、池の奥に少し見えていた。

＜　a residence of a court noble of 400 years ago　＞

The residence becomes the administrative office of this park.

邸宅は公園管理事務所になっている。

＜　Sakaimachi gate of this palace facing the Marutamachi Street　＞

I feel more dignity in the black color of this gate.

落ち着いた黒に風情を感じます。

＜　lunch and a garden in restaurant　＞

A pond, a stone lantern, high trees, and low trees have been distributed skillfully.

I seemed to exist in deep woods, though it is a small garden.

小さな庭だが、池、石灯籠、低木と高木が巧みに配され、深い自然の中にいるようだ。

＜　1000 statues of Sanjusangendo Temple　（borrowing phot）＞

I was more impressed by the appearance of 1000 statues of goddess.

I saw these in 55 years before.

When I was child, was I impressed by these statues that had been made in 800 years ago?

Blessed with fine weather, I talked pleasantly with friends and I felt a Japanese tradition.

５５年ぶりに見る、千体の観音像の姿に感動した。

平清盛が８００年前に造営したこれらに、幼い私は感動したのだろうか？

天候に恵まれ、友と歓談し、日本の伝統を感じた1日でした。

Something is strange. 25 : Whose is the patent? ４

＜　Professor Yamanaka has a Nobel Prize based on the iPS cell research　＞

This time article becomes a summary.

Is what in the background?

Even though the number of patent applications in Japan is world leading, there are few epoch-making things.

A reason for increasing the numbers is based on a patent application method.

Inventions in Japan are superior by the improvement of technique and product, but there are few things that introduced launching of new industries.

Though an epoch-making iPS cell research arose domestically, many Japan’s brains often succeeds still only in the United States

This difference is a problem.

Moreover, the government is positive to liberalization of the employment dismissal from company.

The method is just opposite although I can understand the necessity for worker transfer from declining industry or company.

Making of groundwork in that workers and engineers (implementer or researcher) can aim at the new world are necessary.

Excellent retired engineers are pulled out to foreign countries, and cause a technological outflow frequently.

As for the U.S. where new industry occurs frequently, and Germany where economy is strong, patent right is granted to employees.

If you know the details, please teach me.

まとめになります。

背景にあるもの

日本は出願件数こそ世界有数ですが、画期的なものは少ない。

数が多いのは特許の出願方式によるものです。

技術や製品の改善や応用で優れるが、産業を興すものは少ない。

画期的なiPS細胞研究が国内で生まれたが、やはり日本の頭脳はアメリカでこそ成功する場合が多い。

この違いが問題です。

また政府は企業による従業員解雇の自由化に積極的です。

衰退産業や企業からの労働者転出の必要性は理解出来るが、方法が真逆です。

労働者、とりわけ技術者（開発・研究）が新天地を目指せるような下地作りが必要です。

退職した優秀な技術者は、海外に引き抜かれ、技術流出を頻発させるだけです。

新規産業が頻出する米国、経済が強いドイツは、従業員に特許権が与えられている。（詳細を知っている方は教えて下さい）

＜　Many gene analyses machines were put on a private laboratory of China ＞

On the other hand, some people might have a sense of discomfort by dealing preferentially with employee invention.

A present invention might spend a large amount of expense and time by cooperation.

Moreover, even if the patent can be approved, the patents to contribute to the profit of the company greatly are only handful.

Naturally, in a company, the income of the result of the invention and outgo of a large amount of research cost must balance.

Therefore, it will not be said that a lot of inventions are ability or past results of one person.

On the other hand, the salesman and the manager have a favor of the performance evaluation etc.

The copyright also protects individual rights.

一方、職務発明が優遇されることに違和感を持たれるかもしれません。

現在の発明は、共同による多額の費用と時間をかけて行うことがあります。

また特許が取れても、会社の利益に大きく貢献するものは、ほんの一握りです。

当然、企業は発明の成果と多額の研究費との収支が釣り合わなければなりません。

したがって多くの発明は一人の能力や実績によるものとは言えないでしょう。

一方、営業マンや経営・管理者は業績評価などの恩恵があります。

著作権なども個人の権利を保護しています。

Let's change a view for a bit.

In work ethic of Japan, there is a tendency to disregard a talent of individual and an inspiration, because the people lay weight on the effort of individual and the appeasement of the office.

After all, Japanese society as a whole is regarding the evaluation of invention as low.

It is a cause of stagnating the employee invention.

少し見方を変えてみましょう

日本の労働観では、努力と職場の宥和に重きを置くあまり、個人の才能やひらめきを軽視する傾向にあります。

結局、社会全体が発明への評価を低く見ているのです。

このことが、回りまわって職務発明を停滞させている一因なのです。

＜　Yamanaka professor's laboratory　＞

At the end, summary

For the revitalization of Japanese economy, a new technology and industry that provides competitiveness have to be produced.

For that, it is necessary to rouse the desire for the invention and the entrepreneurship.

Therefore, it is necessary to distribute the result of patent to the employee and the individual.

The important is not only a superficial policy (monetary policy), has to be a conversion that gives birth to revitalization and the reformation.

最後に、まとめます。

日本経済の活性には、競争力のある新しい技術と産業を生みだすことです。

そのためには発明や起業への意欲を喚起すべきです。

特許の成果を従業員や個人に分与することは、その為に必要です。

重要なことは、小手先（金融政策）だけでなく、活性や革新を生む転換なのです。