Bring peace to the Middle East! 77: Why was it exhausted ? 15: What happened in Congo ? 3

中東に平和を！ ７７ なぜ疲弊したのか　１５：　コンゴで何があったのか　３

< 1. White mercenaries hired by Congo >
＜　１．　コンゴに雇われた白人傭兵　＞


In 1960, although the Congo was able to be independent, it had to go to a road of suffering afterward, too.
I will investigate why the Congo must be exhausted.
That is because the colonial occupation completely destroyed the society.


１９６０年、コンゴは独立したのですがその後も苦難の道を歩みます。
なぜコンゴが疲弊せざるを得なかったのかを探ります。
それは植民地下の仕打ちが、社会を完全に破壊してしまったからです。





＊２


Introduction
Most countries except the West and Japan had become colonies in the last few centuries.
In ancient time, even the West was colonized or was ruled by different ethnic groups.

What of the colonial occupation in these centuries destroyed this society ?
I organize the problems.




はじめに
欧米と日本を除く世界のほとんどの国はこの数世紀の間に植民地になりました。
古くは欧米でさえ異民族に支配されたか植民地になっていました。

ここ数世紀の植民地政策の何が社会を破壊してしまったか。
問題点を整理します。




＊３


A. 　Monoculture:  colonial master compelled the colony to cultivate only a kind of  crop.

The reason was for importing cheap food and raw materials and exporting own industrial products.
As a result, the colony became impossible to be self-sufficient, and starvation caused by unseasonable weather could occur.
In addition, the industrialization of the colony became underdeveloped, and it became impossible to escape from dependence on the colonial master .
Even after independence, these colonies were exposed to dumping ( by various agricultural protection policies) of agricultural crops of major powers and many farmers were hard hit.

B.  An obscurantist policy: colonial education was kept to a minimum in order to keep costs down and to prevent awakening of indigenous people's political consciousness.

As a result, their literacy rate became lower, a modern political culture did not grow up, and  it became a factor hindering their democratization.

C.  Division policy:  colonial master gave important posts to one side of tribes and sects, and fanned the flames of hatred and distrust against each other, to prevent independence and rebellion by indigenous peoples,

This led to division and conflict after independence.

D.  Puppet regime:  colonial master preserved colonial exploitation regimes and made a puppet of the top or king in the interest of saving time.

The colonial master or multinational enterprise has supported the puppet regime being a dictatorship and prevented all democratic movements in order to securing interests (resource exploitation) even after the independence.





A　モノカルチャー：　宗主国は植民地に単一の農作物だけを栽培させた。

理由は安価な食料・原料輸入と工業製品輸出の為でした。
これにより植民地は自給自足が不可能になり、天候不順による飢餓が発生し易くなった。
また植民地は工業化が未発達になり、宗主国からの依存から抜け出せなくなった。
独立後も、植民地は大国の農作物のダンピング（農業保護政策による）に晒され農民は大打撃を受けた。

B　愚民化：　植民地の教育は費用を抑え、先住民の政治意識の覚醒を防止する為に最低限度に留められた。

これにより植民地の識字率が低くなり、近代的な政治風土が育たず、民主化を阻む要因になった。

C　分断政策：　先住民による独立や反乱を防ぐ為に、部族や宗派などの一方だけを重用し、相互不信と憎悪を植え付けた。

これが独立後の分裂と紛争に結びついた。

D　傀儡化：　宗主国は手間を省く為に植民地の搾取体制を温存しトップを傀儡化した。

宗主国やグローバル企業は独立後も利権確保（資源収奪）の為に独裁者の傀儡政権を支え、民主的な動きを封じて来た。




＊４


F.  Border determination: the border was determined by the convenience of some colonial masters, and the relation between existing tribes were broken.

Many tribes had been coexisting within the enforced border, and the borders were only an obstacle for nomadic people or farmers of jungle land.
Also during the Great War, many colonial masters added fuel to ethnic independence and eventually betrayed them, but this also became a source of internal conflict later.

The reason why a former colony being independent do not go well can be summarized in these, but it is still not enough.




F　国境決定：　国境は宗主国同士の都合で決まり、既存の部族間の繋がりが断ち切られた。

強制された国境内には多くの部族が共存していた、また遊牧民族や焼き畑農耕民にとって国境は障害だった。
また大戦時、宗主国は民族独立を煽り、最後には裏切ったが、これが後の内紛の火種にもなった。


かつての植民地が独立してもうまく行かない理由はこれらに集約出来るのですが、まだ不十分です。





＊５



A deeper reason

"The Western countries that were once invaded are developing.
But the Africa and the Middle East still are exhausted.
Why are there different among these? "

This point is important.

Looking back on the war and domination among Western European countries since the Middle Ages, the aforementioned five problems were not as harsh as against colonies of other areas.
Furthermore, it was a few centuries ago that the Western Europe countries became national states.

So then, why was not it harsh?

They were the same Christians, and also belonged to the same civilization having similar languages and ethnic groups.
And they continued to evolve in the same way, and the military power almost had been held in equilibrium.
This affected ways of the war and domination.

In reverse, this thing resulted in a difference from colonial rule against the Africa and Middle East.

This continues to the next time.




さらに深い理由があります

「　かつて侵略された欧米は発展している。

　　しかしアフリカや中東は未だに疲弊している。
　　なぜ違うのか？　　」

この指摘は重要です。

中世以降の西欧諸国間の戦争と支配を振り返ると、前述の５つの問題は他の地域の植民地ほどには過酷でなかった。
さらに西欧は現在の国民国家の形になって数世紀を経っています。

それでは、なぜ過酷ではなかったのでしょうか？

彼らは同じキリスト教徒で、言語や民族も似通った同じ文明圏に属していました。
そしてはぼ同様に発展し続け、軍事力でもほぼ均衡していた。
このことが戦争や支配の仕方に影響を及ぼした。

逆に、このことがアフリカや中東の植民地支配との違いを生んだのです。


次回に続きます。