Bring peace to the Middle East! 39: chain of retaliation 7 : the Middle East war

中東に平和を！　３９：　報復の連鎖　７　：　中東戦争

<  1.  Palestinian refugees in Syria in 1848 >
＜　１．シリアのパレスチナ難民、１８４８年　＞

A background of the intifada in the previous description was Palestinian complaint that was due to that their territory had been reduced and ruled over by little and little.
I look back on the four Middle East wars that determined adverse circumstances of Palestine today.

前回紹介のインティファーダ（民衆蜂起）の背景に領土をなし崩しに減らされ、支配されていくパレスチナの不満がありました。
今日は、パレスチナの逆境を決定づけた４回の中東戦争を振り返ります。




<  1.  The Middle East war >
＜　２．　中東戦争　＞

A: The Israel forces of the first Middle East war.
B: The Egyptian forces of the second Middle East war.
C: The Israeli air forces of the third Middle East war.
D: The Syrian forces of the fourth Middle East war.

A：　第１次中東戦争のイスラエル軍。
B：　第２次中東戦争のエジプト軍。
C：　第３次中東戦争のイスラエル空軍。
D：　第４次中東戦争のシリア軍。


Summary of the Middle East war
*the first Middle East war, from May, 1948 to March, 1949.
After the British Mandate of Palestine, the Jew declared Nation-building of Israel, but the Arabic countries went to war against them.
The military forces of the Arabic countries was defeated, and they ceased fire by the good offices of the United Nations, but many Palestinians (Arab) became refugees and were robbed of their land.

*the second Middle East war, from October, 1956 to March, 1957.
After the Egyptian Revolution overturned an imperial rule, President Nasser declared the nationalization of the Suez Canal.
The U.K. was indignant at this, and confederated with France and Israel.
Then, Israel first invaded and attacked on Sinai Peninsula, and subsequently Britain and France attacked Egypt.
However, the United States announced the immediate withdrawal against this, and led the cease-fire through the United Nations.
By this, Egypt obtained the Suez Canal, and Nasser that alone fought with the three countries was praised as the leader of Arab.

*the third Middle East war, from 5 to 10 on June, 1967.
The military collisions of Palestine guerrilla and Israel occurred in a row, and tension had escalated in the region.
When Nasser heard that an offensive of Israel would be performed soon, he blockaded a
strait and put Egyptian forces on alert.
And Israel forces started the attack, and Egypt and the Arabic countries defended, but lost big.
By this, Gaza, Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights of Syria , the West Bank were occupied, and Palestinian refugees increased more.


中東戦争のあらまし
＊第１次中東戦争、１９４８年５月～１９４９年３月。
英国の委任統治終了後、ユダヤ人はイスラエル建国を宣言したが、アラブ諸国はこれに反対し開戦した。
アラブ軍は破れ国連の仲介で停戦したが、多くのパレスチナ人（アラブ人）が難民となりその土地は奪われた。

＊第２次中東戦争、１９５６年１０月～１９５７年３月。
王政転覆を果たしたエジプト革命の後、ナセル大統領はスエズ運河の国有化を宣言した。
これに憤慨した英国はフランス、イスラエルと共謀し、先ずイスラエルがシナイ半島に侵攻し、次いで英仏がエジプトを攻撃した。
ところが米国はこれに反対し、国連で即時撤退を主導して停戦となった。
これによりエジプトはスエズを手に入れ、単独で３カ国と戦ったナセルはアラブから盟主と称えられた。

＊第３次中東戦争、１９６７年６月５日～１０日。
イスラエルとパレスチナ・ゲリラの武力衝突が続発し緊張が高まっていた。
イスラエルの攻勢が近いと知らされたナセルは海峡封鎖を行い警戒態勢を敷いた。
そして、イスラエルは攻撃を開始し、エジプトとアラブ諸国は防戦したが大敗した。
こうしてガザ，シナイ半島，シリアのゴラン高原，ヨルダン川西岸地区は占領され、パレスチナ難民はさらに増加した。




<  3.  The result of the third Middle East war >
＜　３．　第３次中東戦争の結果　＞


*the fourth Middle East war, from 6 to 24 on October, 1973.
This time, Egypt (President Sadat) in partnership with Syria made a surprise attack on Israel from both sides.
At the beginning of the war, Egypt and Syria was ascendant, but the Israel forces recovered in the latter half and ceased fire with advantage.
Arabic oil-producing countries united and decided that they perform an oil embargo until Israel withdraws, for applying pressure on the Israel support countries (the first oil crisis).

In 1979, Egypt-Israel peace treaty was concluded, and Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt.
After this, the full-scale war with Israel and the Arabic countries became a thing of the past.


＊第４次中東戦争、１９７３年１０月６日～２４日。
今度はエジプト（サダト大統領）がシリアと組み、両方からイスラエルに奇襲攻撃を行った。
緒戦はエジプト側らが優勢であったが、イスラエル軍は後半立ち直り有利のうちに停戦した。
この間、アラブ産油国は結束しイスラエルが撤退するまで石油禁輸を行うことを決定し、イスラエル支援国に揺さ振りをかけた（第一次石油危機）。

１９７９年、エジプト・イスラエル平和条約が締結され、シナイ半島がエジプトに返還された。
この後、イスラエルとアラブ諸国との本格的な戦争は無くなった。




<  4.  A change of Israeli territory >
＜　４．　イスラエルの領土の推移　＞

A red frame shows a change between the partition plan of the United Nations and after the third Middle East war.

赤枠が国連の分割案と第３次中東戦争の後の変化を示します。


What did the Middle East war bring?
The Arabic countries began this war, but they repeated defeat, and left out of the war last.
When it is over, Israel increased territories, Palestinian was shut in Gaza and the West Bank, their freedom was robbed, and colonization was strengthened afterwards.

In 1947, before the outbreak of the war, there were Jew 630,000 and Palestinian 1,310,000 in area of British Mandate of Palestine.
But in 1973 of the end of the war, it became Jew 630,000 and Palestinian 1,310,000 in reverse.
And the Jewish territory became 78% of the whole area.
Meanwhile, more than 700000 Palestinians lost houses, and now the refugees that became a total of 5,600,000 are forced to live hand-to-mouth in the autonomous areas of the Palestinians and neighbor countries.
Due to Israeli invasion in Lebanon in addition to it, the Palestinian government (PLO) weakened, and the radicals became widespread.


中東戦争は何をもたらしたのか
アラブ諸国がこの戦争を始めたが、敗戦を繰り返し、最後にアラブは手を引いた。
終わって見るとイスラエルは領土を増やし、パレスチナ人はガザとヨルダン川西岸に閉じ込められ自由を奪われ、その後、植民が強化されていくことになる。

開戦前の１９４７年、ユダヤ人６３万人、パレスチナ人１３１万人だったが、終戦の１９７３年にはそれぞれ２８５万人、４９万人に逆転した。
そしてユダヤ人の領土は、全体の７８％になっていた。
その間、７０万人以上のパレスチナ人が家を失い、現在総数５６０万人の難民がパレスチナ自治区と周辺国で耐乏生活を続けている。
その後のイスラエルのレバノン侵攻もあり、パレスチナ政府(PLO）は弱体化し、過激派が横行することにもなった。


What made the difference between winning and losing?
At the time of the outbreak of the first Middle East war, the Arabic side was superior as the size of the forces, but, they were just a jumble of militias.
On the other hand, Israel was desperate and bought many weapons abroad while a truces performed by the United Nations.
And they unified chains of command and was able to counterattack.

The armaments of Israel were clearly superior to the Arabic side after the second Middle East war.
This is due to economic force of Israel and Jews around the world.
But that's not all, Israel thoroughly had been supported by Britain and France that had an interest in the Middle East, and the United States during the Cold War.
There may not have been present Israel even though the weapon supply of the U.S. is  delayed for a couple of days.
The Soviet Union also supported Egypt and other Arabic countries, but there was a limit, and the Arabic countries were impoverished economically.

After the fourth Middle East war, the Arabic countries have opposed to each other, and it was triggered by the Iranian Revolution, petroleum, and some wars caused by the United States.
And they became to avoid the Palestine refugees than helping them.


何が勝敗を分けたのか
第１次中東戦争の開戦時、アラブ側は優勢であったが諸隊の寄せ集めに過ぎなかった。
一方、イスラエルは必死であり、国連仲介による休戦の間に海外で兵器調達を行い、指揮系統を統一し反撃することが出来た。

第２次中東戦争以降はイスラエルの軍事力はアラブ側より勝っていた。
これは自国と世界中のユダヤの経済力もあるが、中東の権益維持を図る英仏と冷戦中の米国が徹底的にイスラエルを支えたことにある。
もし米国の兵器支給が遅れるだけで、今のイスラエルは無かったかもしれない。
ソ連もエジプトやアラブ側を支援したが限度があり、アラブ諸国は経済的に疲弊していた。

第４次中東戦争以降、アラブはイラン革命や石油、米国絡みの戦争で敵対し、パレスチナを助けるよりも難民を避けるようになった。


Afterword
When I look at process of the Middle East war, I noticed Israel was very superior in the strategy, leadership and an intelligence-gathering operation.
I am amazed Jew, people without a country for 2000 years, established the nation-building at a dash.

However, on the other hand, I am surprised they are cold-blooded and use an insidious way.
I imagine the end of the North American Indian to Palestinian people.

This continues the next time.


あとがき
中東戦争の経緯を見ると、作戦指揮においてイスラエルが一枚も二枚も上手で諜報戦にも長けている。
よくぞ、亡国の民が一気に国を立ち上げ、ここまでになるとは驚きです。

しかし、その一方で、冷酷で狡猾な手口にも驚く。
私はパレスチナの民に北米インデアンの末路を想像してしまう。


次回に続きます。