20140627

Go around the world of Buddha 19: Birth of statue


a female image, Cyclades in Greece, the 2500 years B.C. 

< 1.  a female image, Cyclades in Greece, the 2500 years B.C.  >

Until now, we investigated the birth and the changes of the Buddha statue from various parts of Asia to India in the reverse direction.
The Buddha statue was born in India, was introduced from China to South Korea and Japan, and blossomed in each country.
From now on, I pursue the wonder of the birth of god statue around the world including Buddha statue.

今まで、仏像の誕生と変遷をアジア各地からインドへと逆に辿って来ました。
仏像はインドで誕生し、中国から韓国、日本へと伝わり、それぞれの地で開花しました。
これからは、仏像も含めた世界の神像誕生の不思議を追います。


one of Four Heavenly Kings in Korea

< 2.  one of Four Heavenly Kings in Korea >

The aim of this series
It was to investigate a relation of people and the religion by pursuing the changes of the Buddha statue.
Japanese have deep affinity for Buddha statue and will feel particularly artistic excellence from it.
However, it is not necessarily at one with the doctrine of the Buddhism.
The Buddha statue greatly changed in each country and the times, it was diversified, and it more became individual, and was mixed with other religion.
It may be said that it happened in the dimension being different from the original teaching of Buddha.

この連載の狙い
それは仏像の変化を追うことで、人々と宗教の関わりを探ることでした。
私達日本人は仏像に深い思い入れがあり、特に芸術的な味わいを感じておられることでしょう。
しかしそれは仏教の教説とは必ずしも一体ではありません。
仏像は国や時代により大きく変化し、多様化し、個性化し、さらに他宗教と混淆していきました。
それは本来の釈迦の教えとは別の次元で起こったと言えます。


one of Four Heavenly Kings in Japan, the 9th century A.D. 

< 3.  one of Four Heavenly Kings in Japan, the 9th century A.D. >

In other words, Buddha statue expression had been changed by the aboriginality culture of each country, the religion movement, the social situation, and the inflow of the foreign country culture.
In Japan, the aspect of the anger of Four Heavenly Kings statue was unique, when people of other country looked at it.
In the Korean Peninsula, the Buddha statue was greatly affected by the invasion of the different ethnic groups and the civil war even in Goryeo period having ardently taken care of the Buddhism.
In Cambodia and Thailand, the leadership struggle between Hinduism and Buddhism brought about the change and the mixture to Buddha statue, too.

つまり仏像表現は各国の土着文化と宗教運動、社会状況、さらには異国文化の流入によって変化し続けた。
日本において、四天王像の憤怒の形相は、他地域から見れば特異なものでした。
朝鮮半島において、仏教を篤く保護した高麗も、内乱と異民族侵攻により仏像は大きく影響を受けました。
カンボジヤやタイにおいて、ヒンドゥー教と仏教(大乗、小乗)の主導権争いも仏像に変化と混淆をもたらしました。


Buddha statue in Thailand, the 14th century

< 4.  Buddha statue in Thailand, the 14th century >

Another aim

I want to know why the production of the sacred statue suddenly began in spite of having been evading it by people.
The similar phenomenon happened all over the world.
These are in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Shinto of Japan, etc.
As seen in my series " Birth of primitive art", human beings were producing and using many images that already had religious implications 30,000 years ago.  
However, it did not last long, changed the form and appeared suddenly in many cases.

もう一つの狙い
それは、なぜ尊像の製作が最初、忌避されていたにも関わらず、突如として起こったかと言う疑問を解き明かしたいからです。
これと似たことが世界で同じように起こった。
ユダヤ教、キリスト教、イスラム教、仏教、ヒンドゥー教、日本の神道などです。
連載「原初美術の誕生」で見たように、人類は3万年前、既に宗教的な意味合いを持った数々の像を製作し、使用していました。
しかし多くの場合、それは長続きせず、途切れ、形を変えて突如として姿を現しました。


Venus in Germany, 25,000 years ago

< 5.  Venus in Germany, 25,000 years ago >

From now on, searching the hint to clear up this mystery, I pursue the birth process of the statue in antiquity around the world.
Probably I may find a mystery of human beings even if I do not lead to deep truth.

From next time, I go round mysterious world in antiquity.


これからは、この謎を解くヒントを求めて、世界各地の古代を巡り、像誕生の経緯を追います。
おそらく深い真理には至らないでしょうが、何か人類の不思議に出くわせるかもしれません。

次回より、ミステリアスな古代、想像の世界を巡ります。



20140625

In Kobe : Persian cuisine


A copper ornamental dish was hung on an indoor wall in the Persian restaurant   


< 1 A copper ornamental dish was hung on an indoor wall in the Persian restaurant   >

We ate Persia cuisine in Kobe.
神戸、三宮でペルシャ料理を食べました。


Left: The restaurant is the third floor. Right: the street in front of the restaurant.

< 2.  Left: The restaurant is the third floor. Right: the street in front of the restaurant. >

In Kobe, there are various restaurants serving every country’s cuisine around the world.
Until now, we enjoyed the cuisine of Turkey, India, Korea, Russia, Spain, Thailand, Vietnam, and China.
This restaurant is "PARS CUISINE" near immediately Tor Road.
Eating Persia cuisine is the 2nd time in a long time, and eating in this restaurant is also the 2nd time.

神戸には、世界各国の料理を出すレストランがあります。
今まで、トルコ、インド、韓国、ロシア、スペイン、タイ、ベトナム、中国の料理を楽しんでいます。
今回のレストランは、トーアロードの直ぐ近くにある「PARS CUISINE」です。
ペルシャ料理は久しぶりの2回目で、前回もこの店でした。


in the restaurant

< 3.  in the restaurant 
Arabic music was flowing from speakers in the spacious restaurant.
The person who waited on table was like the Iranian.

Course
Our course was Bandari Course.
Because we do not know these cuisines, we generally choose each course.
It is secondary whether the cuisine is delicious, because our purpose is to taste foreign cuisine.

ゆったりとした店内には、アラブの音楽が流れていました。
給仕してくれる人は、イラン人のようでした。

料理
料理はバンダリーコース(Bandari Course)です。
料理が分からないので、大概コースを選びます。
私達は異国の料理を味わうのが目的で、美味しいかどうかは二の次です。


Left: Khorake Sir Gharche,  Rright: Dolmeh

< 4.  Left: Khorake Sir Gharche,  Rright: Dolmeh >
Left:  mushrooms were simmered in garlic oil.
Right:  pilaf was rolled up with grape’s leaf.

左: マッシュルームのガーリックオイル煮。
右: ピラフのぶどうの葉巻。旨いとは言えない。


Left: Galiyeh Kebab,  Right: Doogh 

< 5.  Left: Galiyeh Kebab,  Right: Doogh >
Left: A stew of shrimps and herbs.
Right:  this yogurt drink is mixed with salt, carbonated water, and dried mint. It was mysterious taste.

左: エビとハーブの煮込み。まあまあの味。
右: 炭酸入りの塩味ヨーグルトドリンク。チャレンジしたが、口に合わなかった。


Upper:  Soltani Kebab.  Lower: Chapati

< 6.  Upper:  Soltani Kebab.  Lower: Chapati
Upper:   two spit-roasted food of comminuted meat of sheep and beef. It was very delicious.
Lower:  Baked thin Nan. A left bottle is in order to pour dried fruit over the kebab. It was mysterious taste.


上: クビデ(羊の挽肉か)と牛肉の串焼き。非常に旨かった。
下: 薄焼きナン。薄いのが良かった。左の瓶はドライフルーツで、ケバブにかける。不思議な味だった。


Upper: Spaicy Loobiya Polo, Lower: Dessert、Chai

< 7.   Upper: Spaicy Loobiya Polo, Lower: DessertChai >

Upper:  Pilaf of kidney bean and mutton. It was nice.
Lower:  The dessert was cold and ginger was working. It was delicious.

上: インゲンと羊肉のピラフ。米の形がかなり異なるが、旨かった。
下: デザートは冷たく、生姜が効いて美味しかった。

While I had been eating, I imagined dry Iranian Plateau distant from the sea, and Persepolis that I didn't yet visit.
I judged some dishes hotter tasting by the look of the red color, but these were not hotter tasting.
We were able to enjoy the dinner.


食事をしていて、海から離れた乾燥したイラン高原、未だ見ぬペルセポリスを想った。
色から見て辛く見えた料理も辛くなく、楽しめた。





20140623

The society and the information 32: information crosses the border 6


Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster

< 1.   Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster  

From this time, we look about the negative side of the information running over the world.
As we have already seen, when the information was true, human-rights abuse was stopped, and conflict was suppressed, and also democratization was possible by inspiring people.
However, if that information were distorted, what would have happened?
The news of Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster was typical example of manipulation of information, and the eeriness was remarkable.

今回より、世界を巡る情報がもたらす負の側面について見ていきます。
今まで見てきたように、その情報が真実であれば、人権侵害を食い止め、紛争を抑え、さらには国民を奮起させ民主化を可能にしました。
しかし、それらの情報が歪曲されていればどうなったでしょうか?
チェルノブイリ原発事故報道は情報操作の典型例であり、その不気味さが顕著です。


Pollution range

< 2.  Pollution range  

The outline of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster
In 1986, the nuclear power plant disaster of the worst level 7 (it is the same as the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster) happened in the Ukraine of the Soviet Union.
The origin of the accident was this: when conditions of low output power had occurred at the time of a stress test, because the operating staff was panicked by it, they canceled the safeguard and tried to return it normally.
However, the nuclear reaction adversely was runaway, and several seconds afterward, the reactor core melted down and exploded.
The accident cause depends on the test having been just carried out in a structural unstable condition (defect).
But also it may be said that it was not generated if the judgment and the handling of the control officer are right (it is always the same).

チェルノブイリ原発事故の概要
1986年、ソ連のウクライナで最悪のレベル7(福島原発事故と同じ)の原発事故が起こった。
切っ掛けは、ストレステスト時に予想外の低出力状態になり、運転員がそれに慌てて安全装置を解除して平常に戻そうとしたことによる。
しかし逆に核反応が暴走し、数秒後に炉心が溶融し爆発した。
事故原因は、そのテストが構造上の不安定条件(欠陥)でちょうど行われたことによるが、運転の監督官の判断や対応が正しければ起こらなかったとも言える(いつも同じ)。


Worker after the nuclear power plant disaster

< 3.  Worker after the nuclear power plant disaster 
The burst size of the radioactive material was 400 times the atomic bomb of Hiroshima.
After one day, it arrived at Sweden on the wind, and was observed throughout the Northern Hemisphere after half a month.
At first, the Soviet Union government did not respond to the situation seriously, and concealed the accident at home and abroad.
Therefore, with being defenseless, a lot of persons that had been sent to fire fighting or restoration work got heavily bombed.

放射性物質の放出量は広島の原爆の400倍で、1日後には風に乗ってスウエーデンに届き、半月後には北半球全域で観測された。
ソ連政府は、当初、事態を深刻に受け止めず、国内外に事故を秘匿した。
為に、消火活動や復旧工事に大量の人を送り込んだが、彼らは無防備で大量被爆することになった


changes in thyroid disease person of neighboring country Belarus

4.  changes in thyroid disease person of neighboring country Belarus, yellow = adult,  blue = young man, red= child, vertical axis = number of patient /100000 people >

The clear damage were 33 worker's deaths at the first stage, people's migration of 130,000, and the pollution area of 130,000.
However, a large number of the diseases and the deceased persons that were doubted of radiation exposure increased rapidly afterwards among the associated workers or the local inhabitants.
It is assumed that the deceased persons by the accident are from several hundred to hundreds of thousands of people.
But, because the causal relationship cannot be proved, the formal announcement is nothing (it is always the same).

明確な被害は、初期に対応した33名の死亡、13万人の移住、汚染地域13万k㎡でした。
しかしその後も関連した作業者、地域住民から多数の死者や放射線被曝を疑われる病気が急増した。
事故による死者は数百から数十万人が想定されているが、因果関係を証明することが出来ず、正式な発表には至っていない(いつも同じ)。


newspaper report

< 5.  newspaper report >

How would the world report it?
Originally, although the truth should have been reported, the reports were written with respective strong speculation.
For the Soviet Union, the accident was the biggest catastrophe.
This nuclear reactor was an independent developmental technique, and also government management.
The world was in the middle of the U.S. and Russia Cold War.
Moreover, many European and American advanced nations were promoting the nuclear power plant industry, and nuclear power plant industry had grown in greatness.
Once, a prominent American nuclear reactor scholar repeated theoretical calculation, and concluded, "A nuclear power plant disaster is lower than the probability that a meteorite will fall to Yankee Stadium."

Next time, I look at the reports in East and West.

世界はどのように報道したのだろうか?
本来、真実が報道されるべきでしょうが、それぞれに大きな思惑が働きました。
この事故はソ連にとって動天驚地の大惨事であり、この原子炉は自前の開発技術で、国営でもありました。
世界は米ソ冷戦の最中でもありました。
また多くの欧米先進国は原発を推進しており、原発産業は巨大化していました。
かつて米国の著名な原子炉学者は理論的な確率計算を積み重ね「原発事故はヤンキースタジアムに隕石が落ちる確率よりも低い」と結論づけていました。

次回から、東西の報道を見ていきます。




20140621

A spring of Awaji Island: Awaji Yumebutai3

 Hundred step garden 

< 1.  Hundred step garden >

This time, we look down the whole from elevated hill.
今回は、高台から全体を見下ろします。


A panoramic view of Awaji Yumebutai  

< 2.  A panoramic view of Awaji Yumebutai  >
A red frame is the place having taken the photo.
赤枠が今回の撮影地点です。


a view from the rooftop terrace

< 3.  a view from the rooftop terrace 
Upper fig.: the right is the hotel, and the beach of the shell is located just on the underside.
If it isn’t dim, Osaka and Wakayama are visible beyond Osaka Bay.
Lower fig.: a garden and a fountain are in the rooftop terrace. 

上図: 右側がホテル、下が貝の浜。霞んでいなければ大阪湾の向こうに大阪、和歌山が見える。
下図: 屋上の庭園、噴水。


Hundred step garden

< 4.  Hundred step garden  >
Upper fig.:  the flowers of around the world are blooming in the hundred step garden.
Akashi Kaikyo National Government Park is seen beyond it.
Lower fig.: The long artificial waterfall is seen at the front.
The flowing water is maintaining a fixed rhythm, and falls down the stairs.

上図: 百段苑には世界中の花が咲き誇る。その向こうに淡路島国営明石海峡公園が見える。
下図: 手前に人口の滝が見える。水は一定のリズムを保ち、階段を流れ落ちて行く。


 I looked down the hotel from a top of Hundred step garden 

< 5.  I looked down the hotel from a top of Hundred step garden  >

The roof of the Green house is seen at the lower right 

< 6.  The roof of the Green house is seen at the lower right >
The other side of the sea is a cityscape of Kobe and Mt. Rokko.
This time, although I don’t introduce it, Akashi Kaikyo National Government Park and the Green house are also wonderful.

Introducing about Awaji Yumebutai is last now.

海の向こうは神戸の街並みと六甲山。
今回、紹介していませんが海峡公園と温室の植物館も素晴らしいです。

これで淡路夢舞台の紹介を終わります。














20140619

History of sickness and medical art 27:  China 2

 Medical treatment scene of doctor Bian que 

< 1. Medical treatment scene of doctor Bian que >

This time, I look at the change of medicine through the activity of the doctor.

今回は、医者の活躍を通して医術の変遷を見ます。



Capital's remain of Yin dynasty 

< 2.  Capital's remain of Yin dynasty >

Doctor

In the entire world, the medical treatment by fortune telling or prayer was in the mainstream in ancient times.
Similarly, medicine man (witch doctor) was most valued in the royal palace of Yin that occurred in the 16th century B.C.
However, a portent of experience medicine was seen also in Yin dynasty, and, in Western Zhou Dynasty in the 8th-11th century B.C., the tendency further was progressing more.

医 師

どこの世界でも、古くは占いや祈祷による治療が中心であったが、前16世紀に始まる殷・周時代の王宮でも巫医(ふい)が最重視されていた。
しかしその殷王朝でも経験医学の萌芽が見られ、前11~前8世紀の西周ともなると、その傾向はさらに進んだ。


Duke of Zhou is a Prime Minster of Yin dynasty and seemed to have written ”Rites of Zhou”

 3.  Duke of Zhou is a Prime Minster of Yin dynasty and seemed to have written ”Rites of Zhou”

According to ”Rites of Zhou” in which the administrative organization of Western Zhou Dynasty is described, there was a medical special department that separated from magic and religion.
It included the disease prevention, the treatment, the management about medicine and medical appliances, and the accountancy.
The ranking of medical person was indicated in that order: the doctor (he collected medicine and superintended inferior doctors), food doctor (he prescribed food and drink), internist, surgeon, and veterinarian.
The doctor had been classified by the results and was obliged to report his failure or his success as the judgment data.
In the middle of next chun qiu Zhan guo shi dai (end of the 8th-3rd century B.C.), the change appeared furthermore.
As we had looked a famous physician of the King of Qin last time, doctors like Bian Que (the 5th century B.C.) came to play an active part among many thinkers (Hundred Schools of Thought) that went around feudal lords of each country.

西周の行政組織が記されている「周礼」(前3世紀頃)によると、呪術や宗教から分離した医療専門部署があり、病気予防、治療、薬剤と医療器具管理、会計事務が設置されていた。
その治療を担当する医師には医博士(薬を集め、医師を監督)、食医(食物と飲料を処方)、医師、傷医(外科医)、獣医の順で記載されていた。
医師は成績により格付けされ、その判断資料として、失敗成功の報告が義務づけられていた。
続く春秋戦国時代(前8~3世紀末)の中期になるとさらに変化が現れた。
前回に見た秦王の侍医医爰は傑出していたが、諸侯の間を遊説して渡り歩く諸子百家に混じって遍歴医、扁鵲(へんじゃく、前5世紀)などが活躍するようになる。


a relief engraving(hua xiang shi) in the 2nd century A.D. showed Bian Que carrying out acupuncture.

< 4. a relief engraving(hua xiang shi) in the 2nd century A.D. showed Bian Que carrying out acupuncture. >

The bird expresses the doctor, and his name means the magpie of a wise bird.
He visited main five countries of those days.
He was skillful at pulse diagnosis and also was excellent in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, five senses (eye, ear, nose, mouth, and tongue), acupuncture and moxibustion.
He was dealt with in “Records of the Grand Historian”, and it was written that he cured the diseases of from feudal lords till common people of each country.
In his words, there was “there are six cureless sickness", and one of that was " a person believes pythoness and does not believe medical art."
This shows a firm belief in medical art of those days, and it shares similarity with Hippocrates of Greece of the same period.
However, the experience medicine did not replace magic medicine.
In the preceding paragraph story of the famous physician of the King of Qin last time, the King was divined by pythoness as “King was cursed as that king had killed two men by his hand, therefore he must die.”

扁鵲は鳥で表現されているが、名前の鵲は賢い鳥のカササギを意味している。
この扁鵲は、当時の主要5ヶ国を巡り、東西両端の地を訪れた。
彼は脈診が巧みで、内科、外科、婦人科、小児科、目・耳・鼻・口・舌の五感、鍼灸科の医術全般にわたって優れていた。
後の淳于意(ジュンウイ)と共に「史記・列伝」(前1世紀)に取り上げられおり、各地の王侯・官吏から庶民までを治療した事が書かれている。
扁鵲の言葉に、「病気には六つの不治が有り」、その一つに「巫女を信じて医を信じない」がある。
これは当時の医術への確信を示しており、ギリシャの同時代人ヒッポクラテスに通じる。
しかし経験医学が呪術に取って代わったわけではない。
前述の医爰逸話の前段階において、晋王は巫によって占われており、「自らの手で二人の大夫を殺害した祟りであり、・・・、帝の死は避けられない。」と宣告されていた。


 “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants 

< 5.  “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants >

Sickness

The sick classification was hardly based on cause of disease, but was based on "proof” of the condition or pulse diagnosis.
Therefore, the ancient name of disease is uncertain.
As for the oldest specialized book of materia medica, there is “Shennong Ben Cao Jing”(the 1st century B.C.).
The disease names being written in this book covered 170 different types including jaundice, malignant tumor, cold, etc.
And it explained each disease of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and dentistry.

病 気

病気の分類はほとんど病因によらず、もっぱら症状や脈診による「証」によった。
したがって古代の病名は判然としない。
最古の薬物学の専門書に「神農本草経」(前1世紀、後漢以降の編纂)がある。
ここに出てくる病気は黄疸、悪性腫瘍、風邪などを含む170種に及び、内科・外科・婦人科・眼科・耳鼻咽喉科・歯科の各疾患にわたっている。



20140617

Travel to turkey 7:  Ancient city Konya in a plateau

 Mevlana museum from oneself, and Selimiye Camii 

< 1.  Mevlana museum from oneself, and Selimiye Camii >

I introduce an ancient city of the Anatolia plateau today.
Because it is an altitude of 1016 m, it gets cool in an evening even if the sunshine in the end of May is severe.
The city prospered in the capital of Turkish Empire in the 11-13 centuries, and 1 million people live now here.

There is Mevlana Museum in the center of Konya.
This museum was the head temple of Mevlana religious community whose believers are wearing a cone cap and a white skirt, and dancing continuously.
It dispersed 90 years ago and became the religious community's museum now.

今日は、アナトリア高原の古都を紹介します。
標高1016mにあるため、5月末の陽差しは厳しくても夕刻には涼しくなる。
ここは11~13世紀にトルコ帝国の首都で栄え、現在は百万人が暮らす。

コンヤの中心部にメヴラーナ博物館がある。
この博物館は、円錐帽を被り白いスカートで旋回し続ける舞踊で有名なメヴラーナ教団の総本山だった。
90年前に解散し、現在は教団の博物館になっている。


Mevlana museum 

< 2.  Mevlana museum >
The steeple of blue tile is beautiful.
青いタイルの尖り屋根が美しい。


Mevlana museum

< 3.   Mevlana museum  >
The left gate is an entrance of museum and mausoleum.
左の入口を入ると霊廟で博物館になっている。


the Grave is in the site of Mevlana museum 

< 4.  the Grave is in the site of Mevlana museum >
Two stone slabs stand on the both ends of lying gravestone.
A conic hat is formed in one side.

横たわる墓石の両端から2枚の石板が立っている。
その一方には円錐の帽が形作られている。


Ince Minare Medresesi(sculpture Museum), the 13th century 

< 5.  Ince Minare Medresesi(sculpture Museum), the 13th century >
We only looked on the exterior appearance, but the gate and the pinnacle were wonderful.
Left fig.:  the gate was finely engraved with the words of the Koran.
Right fig.:  the upper part of the pinnacle had collapsed by thunder, but the tiled patterns were beautiful.

ここは外観しか見なかったのですが、門と尖塔が素晴らしかった。
左図は門で、コーランの字句が綺麗に彫刻されている。
右図は尖塔で、上部が雷で崩壊しているが、タイル模様が美しい。

People in Konya

< 6.  People in Konya    >
Child’s smiling face is wonderful.
子供の笑顔がすばらしい。


cityscape of Konya

< 7.  cityscape of Konya >
Upper left fig.:  houses of the central part.
Upper right fig.:  a park of hill having dark green in the central part.
Lower fig.: new residential area in the suburbs. I looked down from my hotel.
On the way, unlike old-style rural landscape that I had been watching from window of the bus, the landscape was a developing Turkey in here.
When I entered a supermarket on the way, there were abundant products.
And I bought some soup stocks.


左上図: 中心部の街並み。
右上図: 中心部にある緑濃い丘の公園。
下図: 郊外の新興住宅地。ホテルから見下ろす。
途中、バスの車窓から見た昔ながらの田園風景とは異なり、ここには発展するトルコがありました。
途中、スーパーに入りましたが、商品は豊富で、スープの素などを買いました。


Turkish picture-painted dish, and my hotel in Konya

< 8.  Turkish picture-painted dish, and my hotel in Konya  >
I liked picture-painted dishes of this simple floral design and would buy it later.
この素朴な花柄の絵皿を気に入り、後に買うことになりました。