20140304

History of sickness and medical art 22:  India 2

God of India

< 1. God of India >

We look at the medical art of ancient India from this time.

Atharvaveda
This was established in about 1000 years B.C., was a sacred book for the private sectors, and had a relationship with medical treatment most.
This excluded disaster by magic, prayed for beatification, and aimed for medical treatment, love, victory, good luck, and expiation.
The object of disease treatment was diarrhea, heart disease, skin disease, tumor, fracture, intestinal worm, and poison of snake, and eye disease etc.
And it also included energy reinforcement and long life.
For example, the treatments were that a patient caught the hand of a magician, and made an incantation.
The treatment of fever was to transmit it to a woman of Sudra (slave), and the treatment of headache and coughs was to transmit it to the trees of hill and forest
For constipation, the patient was made to drink the soil of a rat hole along with singing a devotional song.


今回から古代インドの治療を見ていきます。

これは前1千年頃に成立し、最も治療に関わりを持つ民間向けの聖典でした。
これは呪術により災厄を祓い、招福を祈願し、治療、恋愛、戦勝、開運、贖罪などを目的とした。
病気治療の対象は下痢、心臓病、皮膚病、腫瘍、骨折、回虫、蛇の毒、眼病などがあり、精力増強、長生きも含まれていた。
例えば、治療は患者が呪術師の手を掴み呪文を唱え、熱病はシュードラ(slave)の女に、頭痛と咳は丘と森の木々に感染させることであった。
便秘に対しては、賛歌の詠唱と共に、患者は鼠穴の土などを呑まされた。


The spice of curry was based on Ayurveda

< 2. The spice of curry was based on Ayurveda >

Birth of Ayurveda

In the early stages, Brahmin (flamen) doubled also as doctor, and mainly treated sickness by means of using magic.
Before long, the experience and the knowledge about sickness or medicinal herb had been accumulated, and two medical schools that specialized in the internal medicine and the surgery treatment appeared in the 6th century.
These had been integrated into a system of Ayurveda (knowledge of the life) during several centuries A.D., and moreover it adopted yoga and developed.

初期は、バラモン(祭官)が医者を兼ねて、主に呪法を用いて治療を行っていた。
やがて病気や薬草に関する経験と知識が蓄積され、前6世紀には、内科治療を専門とする学派と外科治療も取り入れた学派が出現していた。
これらが紀元後数世紀の間にアーユル・ベーダ(生命の学問)の体系に集成され、さらにヨーガを取り入れ発展していった。


16 major nations: The first city-states were born.

< 3. 16 major nations: The first city-states were born. 
When it came at the 7th century B.C., rice cropping and trade became popular in Ganges basin, and many city-states were born.
This pushed the society toward the birth of freethinker, Sakyamuni, and medical school.

7世紀になると、ガンジス川流域で稲作と交易が盛んになり幾多の都市国家が誕生した。
このことが自由思想家、釈迦、医学学派の誕生へと向かわせた。

Change of the medical treatment

According to typical etiology of Ayurveda, the sickness was that the equilibrium among yellow bile, viscous liquid, winds, and blood collapsed.
In order to regain this equilibrium, patients must eat and drink sweet, acid, bitter, salt, and astringent depending on his condition.
For example, it is said that the acid is effective in the increase of digestion or mental function.
There are many medicines to treat, and they consist of minerals, animals, and 1000 or more kinds of medical herbs, and the purpose and the usage are classified.
Some medicines were the Egypt origin and the curative medicines of skin disease reached 100 kinds.
There were many medicines with clear effect and they used opium, ginger, cinnamon, wolfsbane, castor oil, alum, mercury, etc.
The mainstream of medical treatment was emetic method, enemas, nasal drops method, and phlebotomy method (bloods are drained).



アーユル・ベーダの代表的な病因論では、胆汁、粘液、風、(血液)の平衡が崩れた状態が病気と考えられている。
この平衡を取り戻すには甘・酸・苦・辛・塩・渋の六味を症状に応じて飲食させる。
例えば酸は消化力増大・精神機能増進に効果があるとされている。
扱う薬物は多く、鉱物、動物、一千種類以上の薬草があり、目的と用法が分類されている。
薬物にはエジプト由来もあり、皮膚病の治療薬は百種類に達した。
効能が明確な薬物は多く、アヘン、ショウガ、シナモン、トリカブト、ヒマシ油、明礬、水銀などを用いた。
治療法は吐法、浣腸法、点鼻法、瀉血法(血液を一部抜く)が中心である。



a relief engraving of a tooth extraction  

< 4.  a relief engraving of a tooth extraction  >

The name of diseases of internal medicine exceeds 300 kinds, and hiccups, the illness of head, and insanity are also included.
There were surgical operations of anal fistula, fracture, tooth extraction, renal calculus, cataract, and nose job, etc. 
The doctor did auscultation of patient, observed the state of his skin or his tongue, and judged diabetes with tasting his urine.

In this way, the conversion to medical art of empirical science from it of only past magic happened.

内科の病名は300種類を越え、シャックリ、頭の病、狂気も含まれている。
外科手術には痔瘻、骨折、抜歯、結石、白内障、鼻の整形などであった。
医者は聴診、皮膚や舌の状態を観察し、患者の尿を味見し糖尿病を判断した。

こうして過去の呪術一辺倒から経験科学の医術への転換が起こった。




20140302

Travel to Turkey 1: From Sea of Marmara to Ayvalik “マルマラ海からアイワルクへ”

a view of Galibolu from a ferry

< 1. a view of Galibolu from a ferry >
I traveled in Turkey at the end of May 2009.
I introduce you to a pleasant and wonderful trip of Turkey.

私は2009年5月末にトルコを旅行しました。
楽しく素晴らしかったトルコの旅を紹介します。

visiting places: A=Galibolu(Gallipoli), B=Troy, C= Ayvalik

< 2.  visiting places: A=Galibolu(Gallipoli), B=Troy, C= Ayvalik >

Charms of Turkey
As a travel destination: People are sympathetic to Japan, the manner and the public peace is good, the dish is palatable, and the tour fare is cheap.
The history:  the Ruin in Troy of a myth and legendary, and Ephesus or Hierapolis of ancient Greek city, etc.
The culture:  Istanbul having become a point of contact with Europe and Asia, and Islam culture, etc.
The natural scene:  Cappadocia of strangely shaped rocks, Pamukkale of limestone shelves and hot springs, the landscape of arid land, and Aegean Sea, etc.
The economy and society:  Separation of church and state is performed. Turkey was a poor country but is a growth country. There are many of pious villagers in the rural areas.


トルコの魅力
旅行先として: 人々が日本に好意的、現地のマナーや治安が良い、料理が口に合う、ツアー料金が安い。
歴史: 神話と伝説のトロイ遺跡、古代ギリシャの都市エフェソス、ヒエラポリスなど。
文化: ヨーロッパとアジアの接点となったイスタンブール、イスラム文化など。
自然景観: 奇岩のカッパドキア、石灰棚と温泉のパムツカレ、乾燥した景色、エーゲ海など。
経済・社会 : 政教分離が行われ、貧しい国であるが成長国、信仰心の篤い敬虔な村人。


Port of Galibolu
Our bus has gone southward from Istanbul, soon has run alongside of Sea of Marmara, and we arrive at Galibolu.
We go across to Asia of the opposite bank with a ferry from here.


ゲリボルの港
イスタンブールを南下し、やがてマルマラ海に沿って走るとゲリボルに着く。
ここから対岸のアジアにフェリーで渡る。


Galibolu

< 3. Galibolu >
It was fine on that day, and the sea and the sky were wonderful colors.
This port town was large and was overflowing with tourists and citizens.
Many sardines are rested in fish shops, and we ate fried sardines at lunch.

この日は快晴で、海も空も素晴らしい色だった。
この港町は大きく、観光客と市民で溢れていた。
魚屋には沢山の鰯が並んでおり、昼食に鰯のフライも食べた。

Sea of Marmara

マルマラ海

a view of Asia side from a ferry 

< 4. a view of Asia side from a ferry >

There are the Dardanelles in right distant place, and the Bosporus in left distant place.
In the second millennium B.C., many ships of Greece loading up with the cereals of the Black Sea coast came and went this sea.
It had produced the prosperity of Troy of an ancient harbor city, and it created a myth of Trojan War "Iliad".
Then, the great army of Persia crossed the both straits many times, and attacked Greece.
Subsequently, Alexander the Great crossed these straits and destroyed the Persia.
Precisely, these histories seem to be happening in front of me.


右遠方にダーダネルス海峡、左遠方にボスポラス海峡がある。
紀元前2千年紀には、この海をギリシャの船が黒海沿岸の穀物を満載して往来した。
そのことが古代港湾都市のトロイの繁栄を生み、やがてトロイ戦争「イーリアス」などの神話を育んだ。
その後、ペルシャの大軍が幾度も両海峡を渡海し、ギリシャを攻めた。
次いで、アレキサンダー大王がこの海峡を渡り、このペルシャを滅ぼすことになった。
まさに悠々の歴史が目の前に迫ってくる。


 Ayvalik
After visiting the ruins of Troy, we go to Ayvalik of a stay place.
I introduced the ruins of Troy in “Travel to feel ancient times sir.2 / Troy in Turkey” of this blog.
The Ayvalik is a new town, new residences was covering the gentle hill and island being surrounded by seas.
Our hotel was in an island and I enjoyed a stroll of the island.


アイワルク
トロイ遺跡を訪問した後、宿泊地のアイワルクに向かう。
トロイ遺跡はこのブログの「最古を巡る旅 連載2/トルコのトロイ」で紹介しています。
アイワルクは新興の町で、海に囲まれたなだらかな丘陵と島に新しい住宅が広がっていた。
宿泊したホテルは島の中に有り、島の散策を楽しんだ。

a view from the island  Ayvalik

< 5. a view from the island >

Ayvalik  a view from a summit of the island 

< 6. a view from a summit of the island > 

a sunrise from a seashore in the island Ayvalik

< 7. a sunrise from a seashore in the island >

Two above photographs are about 1 minute lag, and lower photograph is some zoom.
At a stretch, whole sky was dyed red from dark-blue.
I have never experienced like this beautiful moment.

上下の写真は1分間ほどの時間差で、下の写真は少しズームしている。
日の出を境にして、濃い紺色から、空全域が一気に紅に染まった。
私は、このような一色に染まる綺麗な瞬間を経験したことがない。


Scenery on the way

途中の風景

views from our buss

< 8. views from our buss >
Upper 2 images are scenes of Europe before riding on a ferry.
Lower 2 images are scenes of Asia after crossing by a ferry.

2枚はフェリーに乗る前のヨーロッパ側の景色。
2枚はフェリーで渡海後のアジア側の景色。

flowers on roadsides 

< 9.  flowers on roadsides >
We will watch brilliant flowers blooming in the dry land with this trip.

この旅行で、乾燥した大地にけなげに咲く鮮やかな花々に巡り合うことになる。



20140228

The society and the information 23: Wonder of brain and nerve

 brain and nerve net 

< 1. brain and nerve net >

We take the human body for an example for understanding the information system.

We have taken the United States for an example in order that we may look at the circumstances of the information.
Apprising to a brain about the canceration of internal organs is like that whistle-blowing appeals against the corruption of an organization.
In order to prevent runaway war, it was required that people are exactly informed about the information of the government and the battlefield
It is like that a person is perceived a brain's own abnormalities and the situation of the external world by the visual and auditory senses.

We look at the important points from "brain and nerve", in order to understand " society and information",

                                                                                             
人体を例に、情報システムを確認します。

これまで米国を例に、情報の有り様を見てきました。
組織の腐敗を訴える内部告発は、臓器の癌化を脳に知らせるようなものです。
戦争を暴走させない為には、政府と戦場の情報が的確に国民に伝わることが必要でした。
これは脳自身の異常と外界の状況を視聴覚で察知するようなものです。

「社会と情報」を知る上で重要なポイントを「脳と神経」から見ます。


somatosensation: pain is due to “free nerve ending” only 

< 2. somatosensation: pain is due to “free nerve ending” only >

Wonderfulness of somatosensation
The nerve net and the brain have a skillful control function.

There are a huge number of sensory nerves that feel painfulness, heat, and pressure in our skin.
These nerves have two kinds of signal transmission system.
The pain continues sending the information to a brain, as long as there is a hurt.
On the other hand, if the contact pressure is changeless when a person has been wearing a dress, the information isn't sent.


体性感覚の素晴らしさ
神経網と脳は、巧みな制御機能を持っている。

私達の皮膚には、痛さ、熱さ、圧力を感じる膨大な数の感覚神経があります。
この神経の感じ方には2種類ある。
痛みは傷がある限り脳に情報を送り続けます。
一方、服を着ている時などの接触圧は変化がなければ情報は送られません。


 Lumbago 

< 3. Lumbago >
Occasionally, if we do not feel pains such as an injury and lumbago, we may think that it is good.
However, a person that inherently hasn't the pain sense will finish a short life after having wounds all over his body.
He burns with drinking boiling water without knowing it, or becomes lumbago with lifting a heavy thing, and becomes a serious illness irrecoverably.

If even the small part of the brain gets injured, is the pain sense of the whole body paralyzed?
In fact, unlike other sense organs, recognition of the pain is performed in a wide range  with a  brain, and a paralysis of the pain sense is prevented at least from occurring  by damage to a small part of the brain.
Similarly the long sensory nerves that have pierced through a backbone have also separated into two bunches, and it diversifies away risk.

我々は、時折、けがや腰痛などの痛みを感じなければ良いと思うことがあります。
しかし先天的に痛覚が麻痺している人は、満身創痍の末に短命に終わりやすい。
その人は、知らずに熱湯を飲んで火傷、重たい物を持ち上げて腰を痛め、やがて取り返しのつかない重症になる。

もし脳の一部でも損傷を受ければ、体全体の痛覚が麻痺してしまうのだろうか。
実は他の感覚器と異なり、痛覚の認識は脳の広い範囲で行っており、一部の脳の損傷ぐらいでは痛覚の麻痺が起きないように出来ている。
同様に、脊椎を貫いている長尺の感覚神経も二つの束に別れており、危険を分散している。


a shrine ritual of fire-walking

< 4. a shrine ritual of fire-walking >

Furthermore, a surprising function

If you encounter an earthquake, suffer from heavy injury with collapsed pillar, and then it is assumed that a fire is imminent.
An acute pain runs, you can hardly run away, and you may normally lose life.
However, the pain vanishes suddenly and you can get away and may be saved.
It is because a neural transmitter substance that is secreted from a brain has prevented the signal of the pain in a connection of the sensory nerve in the backbone.
It is the same as that you virtually hit the anesthesia of the painkiller by yourself in pinpoint.
The same things will have broken out in the brain of an ascetic of fire-walking.


さらに驚くべき機能が
もしあなたが地震に遭い、倒壊した柱で腰に深傷を負い、さらに火災が迫っているとします。
普通なら激痛が走り、とても逃げ出せず、あなたは命を失うかもしれません。
しかし突如として痛みが消え、脱出し助かるかもしれない。
それは、脊椎にある感覚神経からの連結部に、脳から神経伝達物質が分泌され痛みの信号を受けないようにしたからです。
まるで自分で、痛み止めの麻酔をピンポイントで打つようなものです。
火渡りの行者の脳にも同様なことが起きています。


a control system of a pain: A red line is pain signal and a blue line is control signal

< 5. a control system of a pain: A red line is pain signal and a blue line is control signal >

Point
The information such as pains is collected thoroughly, and is chosen depending to the importance of it.
The nerve net is made so that the damage to receive in accidents decreases.
In a process of the evolution, we got the wonderful system that detects the abnormalities of a body surface.

I look at the information system of the human body next time also.


ポイント
痛みなどの情報は徹底して収集され、重要度に応じて取捨選択されている。
その神経網は、事故などで受ける損傷が少なくなるように図られている。
進化の過程で、私達は体表面の異常を検知する素晴らしいシステムを得ました。

次回も、人体の情報システムを見ます。



20140226

Go around the world of Buddha statues 12: the statues of Korea and Japan 4

 Bodhisattva statue “ 観音菩薩像”, 985 years, H.18m 

< 1. Bodhisattva statue “ 観音菩薩像”, 985 years, H.18m >

I approach the reason why the Buddha statues of Korea and it of Japan have been different.

Buddha statues of Goryeo Period (918~1392)
Above image is a stone statue in early Goryeo Period that was made in a momentum of the Buddhism revival.
It is the design with a high regard for shamanism at the sacrifice of truth to life.


韓国と日本の仏像が異なった理由に迫ります。

高麗時代(918~1392年)の仏像
上記の像は高麗時代初期、仏教復興の気運の中で作られた石仏で、写実性を犠牲にし、シャーマニズムを重視した造形です。


Bodhisattva statues of each country

< 2. Bodhisattva statues of each country 

A:  China or Korean Peninsula, Liao Period, the 10~11th century.
B:  China, Song Period, the 10~13th century.
The images A and B of the neighboring countries are alike, and very attractive.
C:  Korea, Goryeo Period, 1333 years.
D:  Korea, Goryeo Period, 1310 years, Japanese collection.
It seems that Buddha statue C of the same period lacks in luster although the Goryeo Buddhist painting D is elaborate and wonderful.
E:  Japan, Daigo-ji, Kamakura Period, 1192 years, by Kaikei.
Like Buddha statue E, the Japanese Buddha statue reached the peak these days.

A: 中国か朝鮮半島、遼時代、1011世紀。
B: 中国、宋時代、1013世紀。
隣国の像ABは似ており、実に魅力的です。
C: 韓国、高麗時代、1333年。
D: 韓国、高麗時代、1310年、日本所蔵。
高麗仏画Dは精緻で素晴らしいが、同時代の仏像Cは精彩に欠けるようです。
E: 日本、醍醐寺、鎌倉時代、1192年、快慶作。
仏像Eのように、この頃、日本の仏像は頂点に至った。


The Buddha statues of each country are compared.

各国の如来像を比較


Buddha statues” 如来像” of each countries 

< 3. Buddha statues” 如来像” of each countries >

A:  Korea, Buseok Temple, Goryeo Period, the 11~12th century.
B:  Korea, the right statue is bodhisattva, Sinheungsa Temple, Korea Dynasties period, 1651 years.
C:  China, Shanxi or Henan Province, Ming Period, the 16th century.
D:  Japan, Jodo-ji, Kamakura Period, 1195 years, by Kaikei.
The influence of the Tibetan Buddhism is not seen in an expression change of between Korean statue A and B.
Meanwhile, the truth to life seems to have been lost more.

A: 韓国、Buseok Temple, 高麗時代、11~12世紀。
B: 韓国、右は菩薩像、Sinheungsa Temple, 朝鮮時代、1651年。
C: 中国、山西省か河南省、明時代、16世紀。
D: 日本、浄土寺、鎌倉時代、1195年。快慶作。
韓国像AからBの表情変化に、チベット仏教の影響は見られない。
その間に、さらに写実性が失われているように思える。


Splendid Buddha statue and Bodhisattva statue of Korea 

< 4. Splendid Buddha statue and Bodhisattva statue of Korea >

A: Buddha statue, Pulguksa temple, Unified Silla Period, the 8~9th century, national treasure.
B:  Bodhisattva statue, Gyeongju, Korea Dynasties period, 1501 years, treasure.
These two statues have high artistry as representing of Buddha statues of the early period and the latter period in Korean Peninsula.
However, in the time between, it seems that the Buddha statues between Goryeo Period and Korea Dynasties Period lacked in luster.


A: 如来像、仏国寺、統一新羅時代、8~9世紀、国宝。
B: 菩薩像、慶州、朝鮮時代、1501年、宝物。
この二つの像は、朝鮮半島の初期と後期を代表する仏像で芸術性が高い。
しかし、その間の高麗から朝鮮時代の仏像は精彩を欠いているように思える。


The reason
1.      In Goryeo Period, the dynasty continued to be invaded by Liao of northern countries and Yuan, and the dynasty extremely declined. Only the dynasty continued, but the country was burnt to the ground, and the antiquities became the ash and people were not able to afford to raise the artistry of the Buddha statue.
2.      When Goryeo was dominated by Yuan, the influence of the Tibetan Buddhism appeared in the crown and the posture of the statues of Bodhisattvas and Four Heavenly Kings in Goryeo. As for this, China was the same, too. However, the facial expression of Buddha and Bodhisattva statues kept the originality of Korean Peninsula.
3. In Korea Dynasties period, the dynasty abolished many temples and oppressed Buddhism. Therefore the execution and the preservation of Buddha statue fell into desuetude.


その理由
1.高麗時代は、北方の遼、次いで元から侵略され続け、内乱も加わり王朝は衰退しきった。王朝だけは存続したが、国土は焦土と化し、文物は灰となり、仏像の芸術性を高める余裕はなかった。
2.高麗が元に支配されると、観音像や四天王像の宝冠や姿勢にチベット仏教の影響が現れた。これは中国も同じ。しかし如来と菩薩像の表情は朝鮮半島の独自性を保った。
3.朝鮮時代は崇儒廃仏で、権力者による仏像の制作も保存も廃れた。


However, there is still a problem.

しかしまだ一つ問題がある


“持国天” of Four Heavenly Kings of each countries 

< 5.  “持国天” of Four Heavenly Kings of each countries >

A:  China, Beijing, Ming Period, the 14~17th century.
B: China, Tang Period, the 9th century.
C: Korea, Beomeosa temple.
D: Japan, To-ji Temple, Heian Period, 839 years.
The fearful face of Knogorikishi statues is common to China, Korea, and Japan, but the fearful face of Four Heavenly Kings statues seems to be only Japan.
Four Heavenly Kings statues in China and Korea seem to express dignity and influence.
On the other hand, in Japan, Four Heavenly Kings statues were assumed the same role of Knogorikishi. Therefore coercing and terrorizing seems to have been emphasized.


A: 中国、北京大覚寺、明時代(1417世紀)に再建。
B: 中国、唐時代、9世紀。
C: 韓国、梵魚寺、年代不明。
D: 日本、東寺、平安時代、839年。
金剛力士像の恐い顔は、中国、韓国、日本に共通ですが、四天王像の恐い顔は日本だけのようです。
中国と韓国の四天王像は、威厳や威光を表現しているように思える。
一方、日本の四天王像は金剛力士像と同じ役割を担わされ、恐れさせ威圧することが強調されのだろう。


Bishamonten of Four Heavenly Kings: Shizuoka prefecture, Kamakura period, the 12th century 

< 6.  Bishamonten of Four Heavenly Kings: Shizuoka prefecture, Kamakura period, the 12th century >

There, I recollect above statue.
I thought it was the representation with a folly of youth of genius Unkei.
But if perchance he knew Four Heavenly Kings statue of continent, then he might have defied the trend of Japan in those days.

The above explanation is only my reasoning.
I approach the origin of the Buddha statue from the next time.


そこで、思い出すのは上の像です。
私はこれを見たとき、天才運慶の若気の至りと思ったのだが、ひょっとすると運慶は大陸の四天王像を知っており、当時の日本の風潮に逆らったのかもしれない。

上記の説明は、私の推論にすぎません。

次回から仏像の起源に迫ります。