20131126

Go around the world of Buddha statues 5: Buddha statue of Southeast Asia

 Buddha seated statue of Borobudur 

< Buddha seated statue of Borobudur >
I introduce Southeast Asian Buddha statue and Buddhism remains this time.

今回は東南アジアの仏像と仏教遺跡を紹介します。


Southeast Asian countries as of now 

< Southeast Asian countries as of now >

Southeast Asian countries at the 12th century

< Southeast Asian countries at the 12th century >
In Southeast Asia, many nations repeated flux and reflux of the tides, and it resulted in major changes in power relationships.
Especially Cambodia (Angkor dynasty), Thailand, Myanmar became the biggest force at one time, respectively.
From ancient times, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam from India, China, and Arabia flowed in Southeast Asia, and they were intermingled.
Therefore, Buddhist art had diversity and originality.

東南アジアでは、幾多の民族が栄枯盛衰を繰り返し、その勢力図は大きく変わることになった。
特にカンボジア(アンコール朝)、タイ、ミャンマー等は一時、それぞれ最大勢力となりました。
東南アジアは、古代よりインド、中国、アラビアから仏教(小乗、大乗)、ヒンドゥー教、イスラム教が流入し混在した。
したがって仏教美術は多様性と独自性を持つことになった。


Myanmar

ミャンマー

Buddha seated t stature : Pagan Period, bronze

< Buddha seated t stature : Pagan Period, bronze >

Pagan : metropolis ruins of the Pagan dynasty

< Pagan : metropolis ruins of the Pagan dynasty   >
This country was the nearest to India and was affected by Buddhism and Hinduism first in Southeast Asia.
The first Pagan dynasty (the 1113th century) made Hinayana Buddhism the state religion, and it has continued till today.
Buddhist architectures of more than 2000 are scattered in the jungle of Pagan.

この国はインドに最も近く、東南アジアで最初に小乗・大乗仏教、ヒンドゥー教の影響を受けた。
最初のパガン王朝(11~13世紀)が小乗仏教を国教にし、今日に至っている。
パガンではジャングルに2千以上の仏教建築が点在している。

Thailand

タイ

Buddha seated t stature : pre-Ayutthaya art, bronze, the 14th century 

< Buddha seated t stature : pre-Ayutthaya art, bronze, the 14th century >
Thailand was sandwiched in between Myanmar of the west and Cambodia of the east, and this Buddha statue style is affected by art of Angkor dynasty.

タイは西のミャンマー、東のカンボジアに挟まれ、この仏像様式はアンコール朝の影響を受けている。

Ayutthaya: metropolitan ruins of the Ayutthaya dynasty, the 14~18th century

< Ayutthaya: metropolitan ruins of the Ayutthaya dynasty, the 1418th century 
The Sukhothai dynasty (the 1315th century) which Thais made first made Hinayana Buddhism the state religion, and it has continued till the present.
The subsequent Ayutthaya dynasty was ruined depending on an attack of Burma (Myanmar) at the late 17th century.

タイ族が最初に作ったスコータイ王朝(13~15世紀)は小乗仏教を国教とし、現在まで続いている。
それに続くアユタヤ王朝は17世紀後半、ビルマの攻撃を受けて滅んだ。

Cambodia

カンボジア

Buddha seated stature : Ayutthaya period, bronze 

< Buddha seated stature : Ayutthaya period, bronze >
The Naga (a god of snake) of India protects Buddha doing Zen meditation.

インドのナーガ(蛇神)が座禅を組む仏陀を庇護している。

Angkor Thom and faces of Kannon( Deity of Mercy)  : metropolis ruins of Angkor dynasty, end of the 12th century

Angkor Thom and faces of Kannon( Deity of Mercy)  : metropolis ruins of Angkor dynasty, end of the 12th century

< Angkor Thom and faces of Kannon( Deity of Mercy)  : metropolis ruins of Angkor dynasty, end of the 12th century   >
At this time, Angkor dynasty (the 915 century) became the golden age.
The king who built the Angkor Tom was committed to Mahayana Buddhism than Hinduism.
There are the faces of Kannon that are smiling in four aspects of innumerable towers.
The towers and the Kannon shined in gold in those days.
There is Angkor watt (the early 12th century) of Hinduism adjacent to this.
Hinayana Buddhism is the state religion now.

この時期、アンコール朝(9~15世紀)は最盛期を迎えた。
このトムを建設した王はヒンドゥー教より大乗仏教を重視した。
無数の塔の4面には微笑んでいる観音像の顔がある。
当時、塔と観音像は金色に輝いていた。
これに隣接してヒンドゥー教のアンコール・ワット(12世紀始め)がある。
現在は小乗仏教が国教となっている。

Vietnam

ベトナム

Thousand Armed Avalokiteshwara ”Kannon”: wooden statue being treated with vermilion and gold leaf, a northern dynasty, the 17th century

< Thousand Armed Avalokiteshwara ”Kannon”: wooden statue being treated with vermilion and gold leaf, a northern dynasty, the 17th century >
Vietnam had split into north and south until the early 19th century, and the northern part continued being affected by China.
The northern part was affected with Mahayana Buddhism from China, and the southern part was affected with Hinduism and Buddhism from India.
Now, Mahayana Buddhism occupies most.


ベトナムは19世紀初頭まで南北に分裂しており、北部は中国の支配と影響を受け続けた。北部は中国から大乗仏教、南部はインドからヒンドゥー教と仏教の影響を受けた。
現在、大乗仏教が大半を占めている。

Indonesia

インドネシア

Bodhisattva seated statue: Eastern Java, stone, about 1300 year

< Bodhisattva seated statue: Eastern Java, stone, about 1300 year >

Borobudur: Central part Java, the last of the 18th century 

< Borobudur: Central part Java, the last of the 18th century 
Indonesia consisted of many islands, and it was an important place of traffic on the ocean for many years, therefore many religions were intermingled.
This temple was built near a metropolis by a dynasty (the 89th century) which was devoted to Mahayana Buddhism, and there were 500 Buddha statues in here.
Then, Hinduism and Buddhism were mixed up, Islam became dominant in the 15th century, and this temple was buried in the jungle.
Now, Islam is the largest religion.


インドネシアは多数の島々からなり、古くから洋上交通の要衝であることから、多くの宗教が混在している。
この寺院は大乗仏教に傾倒した王朝(8~9世紀)によって王都近くに建設され、5百体の仏像が鎮座している。
その後、ヒンドゥー教と仏教が混淆し、15世紀にはイスラム教が旺盛となり、これは密林に埋もれた。
現在、イスラム教が第一の宗教です。




20131123

Colored leaves in Nara 3 : Tanzan-Jinja shrine

13 story towers have been buried in colored leaves.  

< 13 story towers have been buried in colored leaves. >

On the afternoon of November 17, I visited Tanzan-Jinja Shrine of Nara.
Some clouds floated in the blue sky, and autumn sunlight shone on the mountains.
Colored leaves were just at their peak.
This trip ends at this time.

1117日午後、奈良の談山神社を訪れました。
少し雲が流れる碧い空、秋の日射しが山一面に降り注いでいました。
今まさに、紅葉真っ盛りでした。
今回の1泊2日の旅はこれで終わりです。



stairs, a front shrine and a towered gate

stairs, a front shrine and a towered gate

< stairs, a front shrine and a towered gate >
I passed through a shrine gate, and ascended the stairs being among green trees.
When I looked up upper right, I could see the red front shrine.


鳥居を抜け、緑の木々に囲まれた階段を抜けると赤い拝殿が右手上方に見えて来た。

an outside corridor of the front shrine

<  an outside corridor of the front shrine >

There was the vermilion of the front shrine, the verdigris of hanging lanterns, the trees beginning to turn autumn colors, blue mountain range.
And the exquisite quartet was performed.

拝殿の朱、吊灯籠の緑青、色づき始めた木々、青い山並み、絶妙な4重奏が迫ります。


the view from the front shrine 

< the view from the front shrine >


the main shrine on the left side 

< the main shrine on the left side >


13 story towers and a temple 


13 story towers and a temple 

< 13 story towers and a temple >

various colored leaves 

various colored leaves 

< various colored leaves  >


< The Seven-Five-Three Festival ”七五三 >
It is good that a girl wearing holiday clothes smiles and the mother cares for a boy earnestly.

晴れ着を着た子供の笑顔と母親の真剣な眼差しが良い。


The cover shot and a map of the precincts

The cover shot and a map of the precincts

< The cover shot and a map of the precincts

In Europe, I thought it enviable to have a long-term conception ability that spent hundreds of years on cathedral construction.
On the other hand, there was a large-scale landscape composition that was made in consideration of four seasons, in the precincts of many temples in Kyoto and Nara.
In order that cherry trees in spring and autumnal leaves in autumn may delight worshiper's eyes, it have been skillfully allotted to the precincts of the temple.
Growth of trees that wrap large precincts and high buildings in a temple takes hundreds of years.
In Japan, there will also be a long-term conception ability that cultivates a natural landscape and borrows landscape.


ヨーロッパでは、大聖堂建築に数百年を費やす遠大な構想力に私は羨ましく思っていました。
一方、京都や奈良の神社仏閣の境内には四季を考慮した大規模な景観構成があった。
春は桜、秋は紅葉が、参拝者の目を楽しませるように、それらが境内に大量に巧みに配されている。
広い境内と高い建造物を包み込む木々の成長には数百年を要する。
日本には自然景観を育て、借景するという長期的な構想力があることになる。


20131121

Colored leaves in Nara 2: Hase-dera Temple

 Deva gate “仁王門” 

< Deva gate “仁王門 >

On November 17, I visited Hase-dera Temple of Nara.
It was cloud thinly, but sunlight was warm.
There were little colored leaves between the deva gate, long stairs, and a main hall that was on top.
When I saw a five-story tower from the stage of the main hall, autumnal leaves had shined at green leaves.


11月17日、奈良の長谷寺を訪れました。
薄く雲がかかっていましたが、日射しは温かった。
仁王門から長い登廊を上り、一番上の本堂まではあまり紅葉はなかった。
本堂の舞台から五重塔の方を見ると、緑の中に紅葉が映えていました。


long stairs 

< long stairs >

I saw a five-story tower from the stage distantly.

< I saw a five-story tower from the stage distantly.


I looked down at the grounds of the temple and the temple town from the stage. 

< I looked down at the grounds of the temple and the temple town from the stage. >


A principal image can be seen in the inner part of the main hall.

< A principal image can be seen in the inner part of the main hall.  

This image is eleven-faced Kannon Bosatu(Bodhisattva) statue which has no less than 12m in height.

本像は高さ12mもある木彫りの十一面観音菩薩立像です。


various colored leaves

various colored leaves

various colored leaves

various colored leaves

< various colored leaves  >



An ancient guardian deity of a small temple. 

< An ancient guardian deity of a small temple. >

Still, autumnal leaves will be not at their peak.
People were enjoying the end of autumn, and the autumnal leaves of the trees allotted to the precincts of the temple.
There were families that were together with their little child, lovers, mother and daughter, various groups, and people that were busy with photography in the precincts of the temple.
On the other hand, the Buddhist priests were reading some sutras in front of the golden Kannon statue in the main hall.


紅葉はまだ盛りではなかった。
人々は、秋の終わり、境内に配された木々の紅葉を楽しんでいた。
小さい子供連れの家族、恋人同士、母娘、様々なグループ、写真撮影に忙しい人々が境内を抜けていった。
一方、本堂では金色の観音様を前にお坊さんが読経をあげていた。





20131119

Colored leaves in Nara 1: Muro-ji temple

tenmple gate

I visited Muro-ji Temple, Hase-dera Temple, Tanzan-jinja Shrine on November 16 or 17, 2013.
I introduce two Buddhist temples, a Shinto shrine and the colored leaves of the mountain in three parts.
I introduce Muro-ji temple of Nara today.

Silent mountains and woods had surrounded the temple.
Moon had glittered in a night sky.
Autumnal leaves had come to the front by lighting.
There were thrilling beauties.
When I had been going up stairs, my body warmed up, and the chill was comfortable.


2013111617日、室生寺、長谷寺、談山神社を訪れました。
3回に分けて、寺社仏閣と山の紅葉を紹介します
今日は奈良県宇陀市にある室生寺を紹介します。

深閑とした山と森に囲まれた寺、
夜空に冴える月、
ライトに照らし出される紅葉、
息を呑む美しさがそこにはありました。
階段を上がっていると体が暖まり、冷気が心地よかった。


If I cross the bridge, I arrive at the Muro-ji temple immediately.

If I cross the bridge, I arrive at the Muro-ji temple immediately.

If I cross the bridge, I arrive at the Muro-ji temple immediately.

If I cross the bridge, I arrive at the Muro-ji temple immediately. >


from the temple gate to the stairs 

from the temple gate to the stairs 

from the temple gate to the stairs 

from the temple gate to the stairs 

from the temple gate to the stairs 

< from the temple gate to the stairs >

five-story tower

< five-story tower >
The night illumination just began at this day.
The pick-up bus bound for the temple went from hotel ”美榛苑” at where we had stayed.
The peak of autumnal leaves seems to be one week later.

ちょうどこの日から、ライトアップが始まりました。
宿泊した美榛苑から送迎バスが出ていました。
紅葉の盛りは、1週間後のようです。
写真撮影は三脚持参で。

























20131118

History of sickness and medical art 14: It originated in ancient Egypt

A boy hold a mandragora in his hand. 

< A boy hold a mandragora in his hand. >

This time, I pursue three mysterious things: mandragora, a circumcision, and pork evasion.

Mandragoramandrake
This is a nightshade that was used as a painkiller in Egypt.
On the movie "Harry Potter", a mandragora was grown as a miracle drug that break the magic spell.
In "Romeo and Juliet", it appeared as a medicine that brought suspended animation.
Since this plant had high virulence, it brought about hallucination, and the rhizome resembled a human form, from ancient times, diverse legends was born.


今回は、三つの不思議なもの、マンドラゴラ、割礼、豚肉忌避の起源を追います。


マンドラゴラ(マンドレイク)
これはエジプトで鎮痛剤として使われていたナス科の植物です。
映画「ハリ・ポッター」では、マンドラゴラは魔法を解く妙薬として栽培されていた。
「ロミオとジュリエット」では仮死をもたらす薬として登場した。
この植物は強毒性を持ち、幻覚症状をもたらし、さらにその根茎が人型に似ることもあり、古来より様々な伝説を生んでいた。

 A art work in the 15 century: a mandragora is visible to the upper left 

< A art work in the 15 century: a mandragora is visible to the upper left >

Mandragora was regarded as the precious material of a magic medicine, a tonic, and an elixir of life.
But, since it was thought that the harvest was dangerous, they made a dog draw out it, as shown in the picture.

 “The mandrakes give forth fragrance. At our doors are all kinds of precious fruits, new and old, which I have stored up for you, my beloved.” the Song of Solomon7-14
It is written as the plant that has the effect of fertilizing in the Old Testament.

マンドラゴラは魔法薬、精力剤、不老不死薬の貴重な材料とされていたが、収穫には危険が伴うと考えられ、図のように犬に引き抜かせた。
恋なすは、かおりを放ち、もろもろの良きくだものは、新しいのも古いのも共にわたしたちの戸の上にある。わが愛する者よ、わたしはこれをあなたのためにたくわえました。」旧約雅歌7章14節
旧約では受胎効果のある植物として書かれている。


A circumcision of Christ in a picture of the 17th century

< A circumcision of Christ in a picture of the 17th century >

Circumcision
The circumcision was required for Judaist.
However, the history was old and it has been already drawn on an Egyptian mural in 2300 years B.C.


割礼
割礼はユダヤ教徒にとって必須だった。
しかしその歴史は古く、紀元前2300年のエジプトの壁画に既に描かれていた。


Three flamens are doing two boys a ceremony of a circumcision.

< Three flamens are doing two boys a ceremony of a circumcision. >

In many parts of the world from time immemorial, the circumcision was carried out as a rite of passage to a young man, and it doubled as hygiene.
In Egypt, it was common for the lower class from old times, after 1 millennium B.C., the flamens were obliged to carry out it.
In Judaism, this was caught strictly, and it was preached in Genesis that boys have to perform it on the eighth day after being born.
Although this was taken over to Islam, St. Paul exempted the pagan from it, and Christianity became a better position to spread.

古くから世界各地で、衛生も兼ねて青年への通過儀礼として割礼は行われていた。
エジプトでは古くから下層階級でも一般的で、紀元前1千年紀以降、神官には義務付けられた。
ユダヤ教では、これを厳格に捉え、創世記において男子は産まれてから8日目に行うことが説かれた。
これはイスラム教に引き継がれたが、パウロがこれを免除し、キリスト教は異教徒に広まった。


Set: the head was expressed in a pig or jackals. 

< Set: the head was expressed in a pig or jackals. >

Evasion of pork
Although pig began to be bred all over the world from old times, since it was not suitable for pasturage, it was restricted to the settlement farmland.
In Egypt, it was often eaten in Nile Delta which agriculture was prosperous in, but was rare in the upstream of Nile.
Some King dedicated several thousand pigs to a shrine.
After Egypt was unified by a King of the upstream, Osiris of its guardian deity gradually became an important God.
Set that was expressed with the head of a pig opposed Osiris.


豚肉の忌避
豚は世界中で古くから飼養され始めたが、放牧に適さなかったので、定住農耕地帯に限られた。
エジプトでも、農耕が盛んなナイル・デルタではよく食べられていたが、上流では希であった。
王が神殿に数千頭の豚を奉納することもあった。
上流の王によってエジプトが統一されると、その守護神オシリスが徐々に重要な神になっていく。
豚の頭で表現されるセト神はオシリスと敵対していた。


Set: the head was expressed in a pig or jackals.

< Set: the head was expressed in a pig or jackals. >

After one millennium B.C., the flamens were prohibited from eating pork, and the nobles begun to evade it.
On the other hand, Israel was also hostile to Ball that was a God of agriculture in Phoenicia.
It led to edible prohibition of pork in Leviticus of the Old Testament
The reason for the prohibition was that the appearance was ugly, gives off a bad smell, was dirty, an animal for meat, and a sacrifice beast of paganism.
This commandment was taken over to Islam of nomadic herders.


やがて紀元前1千年紀以降、神官は豚肉を禁じられ、貴族達も忌避し始めた。
一方、イスラエルも、フェニキアの農耕神バアルを敵視していた。
それが旧約レビ記において、豚肉の食用禁止につながった。
禁止の理由は、外観が醜悪、悪臭を放ち、不潔で、食肉用動物、異教の犠牲獣だったからです。
この戒律が遊牧民のイスラム教に取り入れらることになった。